increase in quartzitic fragments from ~35 to <60 % with increasing stratigraphic height in the FIN deposits further indicates that the crater area successively widened during the eruption, which resulted in an increased recycling of quartzitic fragments. This eruption scenario, with the formation of a diatreme at depth, is also consistent with the absence of layers dipping inwards into the crater area.

No abstract

The coupled multicomponent diffusion of the species Ca 2 Si 2 O 6 , CaAl 2 SiO 6 and Mg 2 Si 2 O 6 was determined in diopside crystals in the diopside/anorthite (Di/An) system at temperatures ( T ) of 1110–1260 °C and oxygen fugacities ( fO 2 ) between 1.0 log unit below and above the fayalite–magnetite–quartz equilibrium (FMQ ± 1). Diffusion couples were prepared by the seed overgrowth technique. Element concentration profiles were measured perpendicular to the rim/core interface by step-scanning profiling with a field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). The multicomponent diffusion matrix was solved by fitting its eigenvalues ( λ ) and eigenvectors ( v ) to the measured concentration profiles. The full diffusion matrix D can be recovered by using the formula resulting in the following equation: The eigenvalues ( λ1 and λ2 ) represent upper limit values and are described by the following Arrhenius-type equations: where λ 1 and λ 2 are the first and second eigenvalue of the diffusion matrix in m 2 s −1 , R is the gas constant and T is the temperature in K . The dominant eigenvalue ( λ1 ) is one quarter order of magnitude larger than the second eigenvalue ( λ 2). The eigenvectors are constant for all experiments inferring that the entire D matrix can be described with the eigenvalues as the only T -dependent parameter. Additionally, the derived diffusion data and modeling approach were applied to constrain the duration of magmatic processes recorded in zoned clinopyroxene (cpx) phenocrysts from a basaltic, post-plutonic dyke of the Tertiary Adamello batholiths (N-Italy). The results reveal residence times of the overgrown cpx prior to final emplacement in the range of 0.25–1.7 years (lower limit values) testifying that the data and method can be applied to model cpx diffusion profiles in complex natural cpx. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00410-019-1571-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.