Despite the rising importance of fair trade (FT), a relatively small amount of academic research has been done in this area so far. Advocates of FT claim that it will ultimately improve the living conditions of the poor. Opponents hold that it will worsen their situation. More often than not, public discussion is affected by dogmatic views, prejudices and emotional charges. This paper aims to contribute to an objective discussion of the topic. We present a matching model to analyse the welfare effects of FT in an agricultural market. Our results show that producers obtaining FT certification are better off. All others will lose if incentives for importers to enter the market decline.
Zusammenfassung: Der Seeverkehr verursacht etwa 3,3 Prozent der globalen Treibhausgasemissionen. Da langfristig mit einem deutlichen Wachstum des globalen Seefrachttransports zu rechnen ist, ist auch ein Anstieg der Treibhausgasemissionen in diesem Sektor wahrscheinlich. Trotz langjähriger multilateraler Verhandlungen unterliegt der internationale Seeverkehr bislang keinen verbindlichen Begrenzungen, sodass die Wahrscheinlichkeit hoch ist, dass die EU ebenso wie bereits beim internationalen Luftverkehr unilaterale Schritte unternehmen wird. Hier ist eine Einbindung der Seeschifffahrt in das Europäische Emissionshandelssystem in der Diskussion. Dies wirft Fragen nach dem Grad der Integration und der Reichweite des Regimes, einer geeigneten Bemessungsgrundlage, einer angemessenen Emissionsobergrenze sowie dem Allokationsverfahren auf. Grundsätzlich könnten mittels einer Integration in den Europäischen Emissionshandel über 30 Prozent der seeverkehrsbedingten CO 2 -Emissionen abgedeckt werden. Ein schlecht ausgestaltetes System birgt jedoch die Gefahr, dass Emissionsziele beständig verfehlt werden und dass die europäische Seeschifffahrt Wettbewerbsnachteile erleidet. Vor einem Inkrafttreten besteht somit weiterer Forschungs-und Diskussionsbedarf. Summary:Ocean shipping causes about 3.3 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. As global sea freight transport is expected to grow markedly in the long term, a corresponding increase in Greenhouse gas emissions is likely. Despite many years of multilateral negotiations no agreement has been achieved on binding regulations. Therefore, similar to international aviation, there is a high probability for a unilateral approach by the EU. A possible solution is to include maritime shipping into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. To follow through with this, though, some important points such as the scope of integration, the coverage of the system, the allocation method and the setting of the cap need clarifi cation. In principle, such an approach could cover more than 30 Prozent of maritime CO 2 emissions. On the other hand, a badly embellished system runs the risk of continuously missing the emission target and might harm the competitiveness of the European maritime sector. Hence, further research and discussions are required before such a system can come into effect.Einleitung 1
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