L’émergence d’une nouvelle forme de cartographie reposant sur les techniques et les principes du Web 2.0 peut apparaître comme une opportunité pour la cartographie participative. Après avoir exploré ces nouvelles potentialités, nous défendons l’hypothèse que la cartographie critique peut offrir un cadrage théorique pertinent pour analyser ces changements d’usage à condition d’envisager un renouvellement conceptuel partiel qui permette de prendre en considération le changement induit par la nature numérique des données géographiques.
Abstract:Since the appearance of Spatial Data Infrastructure several years ago, there has been a tremendous increase in spatial data available on the Internet. This situation raises several research issues, in terms of identifying the content actually accessible via this medium and its impact on governance and local authority management. Our study proposes a mixed methodology applied to 45 French institutional infrastructures, to compare the objectives stated by their promoters, their content, and the actual services provided. The methodology, based on an analysis of interviews with Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) coordinators and their answers to questionnaires, as well as a study of their websites and an exploration of over 160,000 metadata in their metadata catalogues, produced varied results concerning data accessibility, stakeholder networks, the interoperability of tools, and informational equality in different regions. Despite the proactive stance of SDI promoters, only 15.7% of data are open-access. Their interoperability remains restricted to specific types of actors and themes. Although geocollaboration organised by SDIs is very active, it only concerns the public sector. These disparities also concern their informational dimension, as some regions have considerable resources at their disposal, but others do not.
French Guiana, the only overseas region of Europe located in South America, is faced with the claims of identity politics, particularly those of the indigenous peoples, who propose alternative place names. This critical analysis of the process for a posteriori recognition of toponyms is based on deconstruction of local, national, and international toponymic databases circulating on the geoweb, supported by interviews with the advocates of these corpora. We propose a critical analysis of toponymic data flows, examining how these data transit through the web and disappear into the limbo of the internet or gradually become definitive. This highlights the complexity of the current digital geographic information landscape: national institutes defend a form of data sovereignty for their territory, but they are caught between the digital empowerment of local communities now able to produce counter-cartographies and planet-wide cartographic deregulation emanating from the web giants. Résumé La Guyane française, seule région ultramarine d'Europe située en Amérique du Sud est confrontée à des revendications identitaires, en particulier celle des peuples premiers qui proposent des toponymies alternatives. Une déconstruction des bases de données toponymiques locales, nationales et mondiales qui circulent sur le géoweb couplée à des entretiens avec les promoteurs de ces corpus permettent de proposer une analyse critique des processus de reconnaissance des toponymes en aval de leur création. En s'interrogeant sur la façon dont ces données transitent sur le Web, disparaissent dans les limbes d'Internet ou font progressivement autorité, nous proposons une analyse critique des flux de données toponymiques. Celle-ci permet de souligner la complexité du paysage de l'information géographique numérique actuel : alors que les instituts nationaux défendent une forme de souveraineté informationnelle de leur territoire, ils sont pris en tenaille entre l'empowerment numérique des communautés locales qui leur permet désormais de produire des contrecartes et des dérégulations cartographiques planétaires issues des géants du Web.
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