What are the dietary, fluid intake and lifestyle indications for the disease management and recurrences prevention in patients with urolithiasis? Despite the progress in urolithiasis diagnosis and treatment, its incidence has increased in the last decades and a high rate of recurrence is still a real problem. Dietary and lifestyle modifications represent the most effective preventive measures. Recommendations and evidence available in literature are not always accurate and consistent, negatively affecting patients’ education. A systematic review was conducted starting from a research in electronic databases; the study selection process was based on PRISMA indications. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed. Data were analysed in three phases: (1) critical review of articles; (2) data extraction; (3) evidence synthesis. Thirty‐six studies were included: researchers used prevalently non‐probabilistic sampling methods and data from several studies derived from small samples, mainly from Western countries. Despite these limitations, the below listed themes for urolithiasis prevention arose: (1) the importance of a prevalently vegetarian regime with a reduced intake of meats and fats, decreasing the risk of stones formation from the accumulation of uric acid; (2) water intake greater than two litres per day is proven to prevent recurrences and drinking beverages, such as decaffeinated coffee, tea, beer and wine, also seems to be associated with a decrease in risk; (3) being physically active and having a healthy lifestyle can help to prevent recurrences. Various dietary and lifestyle modifications have a potential to prevent urolithiasis and recurrences. Clinicians should advise patients to reduce animal proteins and fats, increase fruits and vegetables, and increase water intake, as well as having a healthy lifestyle. Further rigorous methodological studies are needed.

Nutritional status is considered a significant factor determining the post‐operative outcomes after RC. The aim of this literature review is to describe the impact of early oral nutrition on functional outcomes in patients underwent cystectomy. Usually, these patients are not fed orally until the return of gastrointestinal function, because early oral nutrition is often perceived as detrimental for the anastomosis integrity and is believed to cause nausea and vomiting. This phase of nutritional deprivation may vary from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the return of bowel movements. In clinical practice, patients are fed on a substitutive nutritional support based on the use of total parenteral nutrition or enteral nutrition, which have not demonstrated positive effects on bowel function recovery time, infection complication rates or length of hospital stay. The early introduction of oral feeding seems to allow early mobilization and to lead to an improvement of post‐operative outcomes: bowel functions, pain, complications, patient's comfort and length of hospital stay. The early implementation of oral diet after cystectomy is associated with an improvement of considered outcomes, allowing an early recovery of patient's general conditions and reducing length of hospital stay.

Introduzione: il delirium, definito come insufficienza cerebrale acuta e come stato confusionale acuto, ha un forte impatto ed un’alta incidenza nelle unità operative di terapia intensiva; è stato calcolato che l’87% dei pazienti ricoverati in terapia intensiva sviluppano delirium. Rappresenta dunque una condizione grave associata ad outcome negativi. Il trattamento del delirium si basa su due tipi di approcci combinati: quello farmacologico e quello non-farmacologico.

What is the degree of knowledge and awareness regarding testicular cancer and what interventions may improve information about testicular cancer in the male population? Testicular cancer incidence rates are increasing among young men, who typically demonstrate poor awareness and a lack of knowledge about this disease. Although testicular self‐examination might be an effective method for early detection, few people know about this process or regularly perform it. This lack of examination could delay the diagnosis, which would affect treatment outcomes and mortality rates. A literature review was conducted starting from a bibliographic research in the major databases, and 450 documents were identified. The final analysis included 19 studies and found that men feel anxious about testicular cancer, which leads to a delay in their diagnosis and treatment, especially in developing countries. A widespread lack of awareness and knowledge about testicular cancer and self‐examination exists in these nations. Few males performed testicular self‐examination; most considered this procedure to be an invasion of their privacy and masculinity. The most effective tools to disseminate awareness about testicular cancer prevention were television, radio and YouTube. It is important to educate young males to spread information and improve awareness and knowledge about testicular cancer and self‐examination. However, the support of regular self‐examination is controversial, as this practice might also produce more harm than benefits due to the resulting false positives, fear and anxiety. Regular testicular cancer screening is therefore recommended in limited populations, including patients with risk factors, such as cryptorchidism or a family history of this cancer.

Patients with an indwelling urinary catheter are at risk of developing urinary tract infection: for each day of the catheter remaining in situ, there is an increasing risk from 3% to 7% for infection to appear. One of the main complications of catheterization is the onset of encrustations, frequently resulting in obstruction of the catheter. Aim of this study is to describe the problem of indwelling urinary catheter encrustation and prevention strategies. A narrative review of the literature was conducted. Indwelling urinary catheter encrustations originate more easily when urine contains high concentrations of poorly soluble constituents and when the state of the urinary tract enables their precipitation as an alkaline urinary pH, often associated with the presence of bacteria urease‐producers, for instance Proteus mirabilis. Urease can generate crystals and this process keeps going until the accumulation of crystalline deposits block the urine flow within the catheter lumen. The literature suggests that there are manifold pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies to prevent encrustations. The literature analysis suggests that the permanence of the catheter could potentially be one of the most relevant causes of encrustation. The catheterization duration is the most important risk factor for bacteriuria, essential for the process of encrustation to start off. There are many prevention strategies, among which promotion of nucleation pH (pHn) supplementation in the daily diet with liquids containing citrate; this is the most simple and suitable for all patients being inexpensive and effective.