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Most asteroid discoveries consist of a few astrometric observations over a short time span, and in many cases the amount of information is too limited to compute a full orbit according to the least squares principle. We investigate whether such a Very Short Arc may nonetheless contain significant orbit information, with predictive value, e.g., allowing to compute useful ephemerides with a well defined uncertainty for some time in the future.For short enough arcs, all the significant information is contained in an attributable, consisting of two angles and two angular velocities for a given time; an apparent magnitude is also often available. In this case, no information on the geocentric range r and range-rate _ r is available from the observations themselves. However, the values of ðr; _ rÞ are constrained to a compact subset, the admissible region, if we can assume that the discovered object belongs to the Solar System, is not a satellite of the Earth and is not a shooting star (very small and very close). We give a full algebraic description of the admissible region, including geometric properties like the presence of either one or two connected components.The admissible region can be sampled by selecting a finite number of points in the ðr; _ rÞ plane, each corresponding to a full set of six initial conditions (given the four component attributable) for the asteroid orbit. Because the admissible region is a region in the plane, it can be described by a triangulation with the selected points as nodes. We show that triangulations with optimal properties, such as the Delaunay triangulations, can be generated by an effective algorithm; however, the optimal triangulation depends upon the choice of a metric in the ðr; _ rÞ plane. Each node of the triangulation is a Virtual Asteroid, for which it is possible to propagate the orbit and predict ephemerides. Thus for each time there is an image triangulation on the celestial sphere, and it can be used in a way similar to the use of the nominal ephemerides (with their confidence regions) in the classical case of a full least square orbit.

In 2019, Stromboli volcano experienced one of the most violent eruptive crises in the last hundred years. Two paroxysmal explosions interrupted the ‘normal’ mild explosive activity during the tourist season. Here we integrate visual and field observations, textural and chemical data of eruptive products, and numerical simulations to analyze the eruptive patterns leading to the paroxysmal explosions. Heralded by 24 days of intensified normal activity and 45 min of lava outpouring, on 3 July a paroxysm ejected ~6 × 107 kg of bombs, lapilli and ash up to 6 km high, damaging the monitoring network and falling towards SW on the inhabited areas. Intensified activity continued until the less energetic, 28 August paroxysm, which dispersed tephra mainly towards NE. We argue that all paroxysms at Stromboli share a common pre-eruptive weeks-to months-long unrest phase, marking the perturbation of the magmatic system. Our analysis points to an urgent implementation of volcanic monitoring at Stromboli to detect such long-term precursors.

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