Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multi-factorial, chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, containing ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). In UC, inflammation and sores are confined morphologically and microscopically to the mucosa, the innermost surface of the colon and the rectum. Although, in CD, the infection is granulomatous and transmural, affecting the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, with the skip area in-between. A Neuropeptide, substance P (SP), which acts as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator, plays a vital role in the brain-gut axis under stress. Owing to the pro-inflammatory effects of SP, neuropeptide dysregulation induces inflammation in the intestine. There are variations in the distribution of substance P immunoreactive fibres in the various intestinal layers. The highest concentration of SP is in the mucosa and the lowest concentration in the lamina propria of the intestinal muscular membrane. Reduced vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels and elevated SP levels observed in the colonic mucosa of IBD by using immunohistochemistry and immunoassay. This literature review aims to find out the correlations between the level of substance P (SP) and disease activity. We conducted a literature review on IBD, SP, and we searched PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant articles in English. The result of the study supports a positive relationship between the level of substance P (SP) and disease activity, with increased concentration of substance p in the colon and rectum of CD and UC patients. It is concluded that patients with active CD, along with inflammatory changes, had elevated plasma SP levels and immunoreactivity of SP in the colon than those seen in control and inactive cases. These alterations are more prevalent in ulcerative colitis than Crohn's disease and are more prevalent in the moderately infected area than the least affected area of the intestine.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is often associated with severe hypoxemia and a high mortality rate. Prone positioning is a well-established intervention for ARDS. It has been shown to improve oxygenation and prevent ventilator-induced lung injury due to the more uniform distribution of lung stress and strain. This narrative review aims to compare the various factors that may influence how prone positioning affects mortality rates. We will examine the duration of time a patient is in the prone position, severity of ARDS, use of lung-protective ventilation, and the time elapsed between ARDS diagnosis and placing a patient in the prone position. A literature review on prone positioning in ARDS was performed and searched data from PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 2010 to 2020. Although no single variable used during prone positioning reduces mortality rates in ARDS patients, combining several optimal conditions may yield increased survival benefits. Early initiation of extended prone positioning sessions combined with low tidal volumes shows encouraging results in severe ARDS patients. Future research on this subject should focus on further examining these variables in a study enrolling a larger number of subjects in a setting with adequately trained staff familiar with proper prone positioning techniques.

Vitamin D deficiency has become a global pandemic affecting approximately one billion people worldwide. Much attention has been paid to the association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and various chronic diseases, especially heart failure (HF). A clear role of vitamin D deficiency has been established, with increased mortality and morbidity in heart failures. However, previous randomized control trials have failed to show improvement in clinical outcomes with calciferol supplementation in these patients. Therefore, it is still unclear whether calciferol therapy can be added to the standard care in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients with deficiency. Hence, to evaluate the role of vitamin D supplementation in CHF patients with low serum 25(OH)D, we conducted an extensive search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using various combinations of keywords. All potentially eligible studies that evaluated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on clinical outcomes in HF patients were retrieved and extensively studied. We also checked the references of all eligible studies to identify additional relevant publications. In this study, we reviewed various mechanisms of vitamin D affecting the cardiovascular system and examined the impact of deficiency on heart failures in terms of mortality and hospitalizations. In conclusion, vitamin D supplementation has failed to improve the clinical outcomes in HF patients. The possible long-term benefits of supplementation cannot be excluded. Therefore, for future clinical trials, we recommend considering large sample sizes, longer follow-up durations, along with optimal dosage and appropriate dosing frequency.

Psoriasis is a long-lasting, noncontagious chronic inflammatory disease of skin and joints. Previous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that psoriatic patients have a shorter life expectancy, mainly due to cardiovascular (CV) events with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors like dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, obesity, and hypertension. Besides these risk factors, psoriasis likely plays an independent role in increasing CV events probably due to the chronic inflammatory state. This literature review aims to summarize the mechanism of atherosclerosis formation, CV risk factors, tools to diagnose subclinical atherosclerosis, and the effects of various therapies in psoriatic patients to prevent cardiovascular-related deaths in psoriasis. This review was performed by searching the relevant articles in PubMed and Google Scholar databases without including any exclusion criteria and time limitations. Our review documented that psoriatic patients are at increased risk of CV events due to chronic inflammatory profile and the associated CV risk factors. Also, anti-inflammatory therapies may prevent early subclinical atherosclerotic vascular changes reducing cardiovascular events. However, the available studies lack to establish the exact targets for CV risk factors, to assess the clinical importance of screening for subclinical vascular changes and the impact of anti-inflammatory therapies on CV risk profile in psoriatic patients. This heightened awareness about the CV involvement in psoriasis should encourage conducting large, well planned comprehensive studies to address these issues that can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

The breathing rate and PCO2 in end-tidal air have been studied in controls and in patients with endogenous depression (retarded and non-retarded), with neurotic depression, and with schizophrenia. It has been shown that breathing rate goes up and PCO2 down in non-retarded and neurotic depression. Schizophrenia gives more anomalous results. The fact is emphasized that such changes must lead to alterations in pH and other variables. Studies showing some small chemical differences between these clinical entities and control subjects might therefore be explained by these findings.