and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. We thank I. Kosel and J.M. Rancourt (Health Canada) for technical assistance. We appreciate the cooperative efforts of the administrators of Mercy Hospital and the muck farm community of Willard, Ohio. We are especially grateful to the farm workers who participated in this investigation.

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Recent research has undermined the connection between lay investiture and the iconic event usually seen as the most dramatic expression of the investiture conflict: the encounter of Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany at Canossa. This is just one, however, of many interpretive problems plaguing historical narratives of the investiture crisis. This essay briefly summarizes the classic interpretations that have dominated 20th‐century understanding of these events and sets out the major problem raised in more recent research. Arguing that a new interpretive framework is necessary, the author suggests two paths forward: a radical reconsideration of the papacy from a truly post‐confessional perspective and a reevaluation of the conflict in the context of new understandings of lordship and political change.

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