While little is known about hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata in the eastern Pacific Ocean, available information suggests that the population has declined substantially in recent decades and could be near extirpation in the region. To evaluate the current status of the population more effectively and to determine the feasibility of recovery efforts, a workshop of regional marine turtle specialists was held in June 2008 in Los Cóbanos, El Salvador. An international working group, Iniciativa Carey del Pacífico Oriental (ICAPO; Eastern Pacific Hawksbill Initiative in English), was established to consolidate information, promote conservation projects and raise awareness about the species. We present information derived from the workshop and compiled by the ICAPO working group since that time. Considering only records from 1 January 2007 to 31 May 2009 it appears that El Salvador hosts the majority of known hawksbill turtle nesting activity in the eastern Pacific, with 79.6% (n = 430) of all nesting observation records, and Mexico hosts the majority of records of hawksbill turtles at sea, with 60.3% (n = 44) of all in-water observation records. Although current abundance is very low, the pervasiveness of the species in the region suggests potential for conservation and recovery. Despite a historical paucity of research focusing on this population, the relatively large and steadily increasing number of records as a result of concerted efforts demonstrates the viability of the ICAPO network as an instrument to promote conservation of this species in the eastern Pacific.

Elucidating spatio-temporal movements of animals is an integral component of wildlife conservation and protected species management. Between 2008 and 2010 we satellite tracked 15 adult female hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata in the eastern Pacific Ocean to evaluate their movement behavior and to guide management and conservation efforts of this highly endangered population. Movements and habitat use were highly neritic, and post-nesting mi gration distances (maximum = 283.11 km) were short relative to migrations of other sea turtle species. In foraging areas, the majority of hawksbills established restricted, inshore home ranges within mangrove estuaries. A large proportion (> 65%) of turtle location points fell within protected areas, although many of these sites lack enforcement and monitoring. The consistent use of estuarine and mangrove habitat for nesting and foraging may explain why hawksbills went virtually undetected in the eastern Pacific for decades. The spatially restricted and neritic life cycles of adult hawksbills in the eastern Pacific highlight threats (e.g. overlap with coastal fisheries, increased susceptibility to habitat degradation and/or catastrophic events) and opportunities for conservation (e.g. acute conservation target areas, less variant jurisdictional boundaries/regulations) for this species. Our results underscore the importance of strengthening protected area management, mangrove estuary protection and hawksbill research and conservation in the eastern Pacific.

Adult hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) are typically described as open-coast, coral reef and hard substrate dwellers. Here, we report new satellite tracking data on female hawksbills from several countries in the eastern Pacific that revealed previously undocumented behaviour for adults of the species. In contrast to patterns of habitat use exhibited by their Caribbean and Indo-Pacific counterparts, eastern Pacific hawksbills generally occupied inshore estuaries, wherein they had strong associations with mangrove saltwater forests. The use of inshore habitats and affinities with mangrove saltwater forests presents a previously unknown life-history paradigm for adult hawksbill turtles and suggests a potentially unique evolutionary trajectory for the species. Our findings highlight the variability in life-history strategies that marine turtles and other wide-ranging marine wildlife may exhibit among ocean regions, and the importance of understanding such disparities from an ecological and management perspective.

We report the "Northern 2n=38-40, modifi cation 1" race from three localities of the Liolaemus monticola complex in Chile that appears to be chromosomally and geographical intermediate between two previously described "Northern 2n=38-40" and "Multiple Fission, 2n=40-44 (MF)" races. This race retains the same "Northern" chromosomal features, but differs by being both polymorphic for an enlarged chromosome pair 6 and for a pericentric inversion in chromosome pair 7; these rearrangements are present in the "MF" race. At the population cytogenetics level, the mean proportion of polymorphic chromosomes in the "Northern, mod 1" race is relatively high and intermediate between the Northern" and "MF" races, while the chromosome "alleles" in the "Northern, mod 1" race deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg ratio higher than the aforementioned races. The Roger's distance between samples are in concordance with the chromosome races and the proposals barriers (The Colorado river and the Juncal river). The lowest chromosome "alleles" fl ux values (Nm) are between the chromosomal races, suggesting a low chromosomal introgression. These population cytogenetics patterns, plus the origin of the chromosomal rearrangements, and the recombination patterns resulting from chromosomal heterozygosity are compared with the situation of other populations of the "Northern" and the "MF" races previously described. We discuss the possible "Northern, mod 1" hybrid status in the evolution of this complex in central Chile.KEYWORDS: hybridization, Liolaemus monticola, "Northern modifi cation 1, 2n = 38-40" chromosomal race, population cytogenetics. RESUMENReportamos la citogenética poblacional de la raza "Norte 2n=38-40, modifi cada 1" para tres localidades del complejo de Liolaemus monticola en Chile, que resulta ser cromosómica y geográfi camente intermedia entre dos razas previamente descritas la "Norte, 2n=38-40" y la "Múltiple Fisiones, 2n=40-44 (MF)". Esta raza, retiene las mismas características cromosómicas de la raza "Norte", pero difi ere de ésta dada la condición polimórfi ca para un cromosoma alargado del par 6 y una inversión pericéntrica del par cromosómico 7, rearreglos que están presentes en la raza "MF". A nivel citogenético poblacional, la proporción promedio de los cromosomas polimórfi cos en la raza "Northern, mod 1" is relativamente alta e intermedia entre las razas "Norte" y "MF", en tanto los "alelos" cromosómicos de la raza "Norte, mod 1" se desvían grandemente de los valores Hardy-Weinberg comparados a las razas antes mencionadas. Las distancias de Roger entre las muestra concuerdan con las razas cromosómicas y con las barreras propuestas (El Río Colorado y El Río Juncal). Los valores más bajos de fl ujo ("alelos") cromosómico (Nm) se encuentran entre las razas cromosómicas, sugerentes de una baja introgresión. Estos patrones de citogenética poblacional, más el origen de los rearreglos cromosómicos y de los patrones de recombinación resultantes de la heterocigosidad cromosómica son comparados con la situación que prese...

Crossed aphasia (CA) is a rare acquired language disorder caused by a right-sided brain lesion in dextrals. Based on a case report, relevant aspects for the diagnosis of CA and differential diagnoses will be outlined. Relevant hypotheses concerning etiology, epidemiology, phenomenology and pathophysiology will be discussed with reference to the literature. The phenomenon of CA has contributed for decades to the development of hypotheses concerning lateralization of cognitive abilities.