Lumpy skin disease (LSD) could cause huge economic losses to the farmers. It is a major obstacle to the international trade. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) belongs to genus Capripoxvirus. The LSD causes substantial decrease in milk yield may be from 10% to 85% (no conjunction). In Karachi (Pakistan), milk and meat sales have been hampered by 60% to 70% because of LSD. All breeds and ages of cattle are involved, however, cows in peak lactation and young ones are more vulnerable. The LSD epidemics mostly occur in hot and humid environment at that time majority of the insects are active those acts as vector/insect species. Wildlife could promote the spread of LSD. The clinical picture of the LSD includes nasal discharge, inappetence, fever, lachrymation along with salivation and inflamed lymph nodes, body weight loss, and occasionally death. The LSD is described by slightly elevated, firm, demarcated skin nodules (2-7cm in diameter) that are typically spread all over the body. Morbidity varies from 0.75% to 100% whereas mortality is mostly low (0 to 7%). Tissues of digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tract show lesions. Secondary complications of serious LSD could be mastitis, pneumonia, keratitis, lameness, dysentery, and myiasis. Under a microscope, in skin nodules eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the keratinocytes are considered as pathognomonic. The LSD doesn’t belong to the zoonotic diseases. Milk and meat from infected animal are reliable and safe for human consumption. It is urgent to opt strategies for the control and prevention of the disease. Restricted movement of infected animals is a major factor in the transmission of the LSD in the non-endemic area. Curtailment of vectors/insects is also proposed for the control of the disease. Additionally, vaccination/immunization with the homologous strain of the LSDV could be the best strategy for the control of the disease. Diagnosis has also prime importance that should be prompt and precise especially in the endemic areas has prime importance so that control measures could be opted well in time for the curtailment of the LSD.

Fungal pathogens are one of the serious devastating agents limiting crop yield to a great extent. Premier management practices to tackle these diseases are the development of disease resistant varieties, application of appropriate fungicides, use of biocontrol agents, plant-based extracts and induction of innate host resistance. These management practices are of great value but have certain limitations i.e., side effects, high cost and decreased efficiency. Resistance development against the fungal pathogens inspired the scientists to explore modern techniques and produce plants with broad spectrum resistance against fungal pathogens. Transgenic technology holds a great potential in this regard. The advancements in molecular biotechnology have enabled the scientists to identify, isolate and characterize the plant stress responsive genes for plant transformation and also explained their role to combat stresses. Trichoderma harzianum is a potential biocontrol agent successfully employed for the control of many economically important pathogens. The biocontrol activity of Trichoderma spp. is majorly attributed to chitinolytic and glucanolytic enzymes having ability to degrade chitins and glucans. Glucanases are therefore one of the key groups of enzymes involved in mycoparasitism. They are classified on the basis of glucosidic linkage, they cleave i.e. α-1, 3-glucanases, β-1, 3-glucanases, α-1, 4-glucanases, β-1, 6-glucanases. The present review aims to explain the role of glucanase genes in the plant defense system and elaborate how glucanase genes protect plants from pathogens.