Aim Cerebral palsy (CP) is defined as a primary disorder of posture and movement; however, approximately 45% of children with CP also have an intellectual impairment. Prevalence estimates are limited by a lack of guidelines for intelligence testing. This systematic review aims to identify and examine intelligence assessments for children with CP. Method Electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, and ERIC) were searched to identify assessments that (1) measured intellectual function, (2) in children aged 4 to 18 years, (3) with CP, and (4) with psychometrics available. Results Searches yielded 48 assessments, of which nine provided psychometric data for children with CP. The included tests were the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, the Leiter International Performance Scale, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Pictorial Test of Intelligence, the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Interpretation Intelligence assessments in children with CP lack reliability data, consensus regarding validity data, and population‐specific norms. Research is required to establish psychometrics for children with CP. For children with higher motor involvement and/or communication and/or visual impairments, multiple options are required to assess intelligence appropriately.
Background Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are more likely to experience sleep problems. Their sleep difficulties have been shown to be related to poorer sleep quality for their parents and caregivers. While poor sleep has been linked with poorer psychological health in other populations, few studies have focused on the potential effects of children's and caregivers' sleep disturbance on caregivers' psychological health and well‐being in families of children with CP. This study investigated the association between caregivers' psychological health and well‐being and their sleep quality and the sleep of their children with CP. Method Ninety‐four caregivers (86% mothers; age range = 29–76 years) of children with CP aged 4 to 14 years of varying physical abilities (Gross Motor Function Classification Scale expanded and revised—level I (24), II (20), III (16), IV (10), V (24)) were recruited from a state‐wide rehabilitation service. Caregivers completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21, Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, Resilience Scale, Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and a demographic questionnaire. Results Sleep problems were reported for 55% of children. Poor sleep quality was reported by 71% of caregivers. While 25% of caregivers reported positive well‐being and 86% reported high to very high levels of resilience, 44% reported poor psychological health. Child sleep problems were related to poorer caregiver sleep quality (r = 0.47, p < 0.001). Poorer caregiver sleep quality was related to poorer caregiver psychological health (r = 0.43–0.51, all p < 0.001) and well‐being (r = −0.48, p < 0.001), but not resilience (r = 0.18, p = 0.11). Conclusions High numbers of children with CP and their caregivers experience poor sleep that extends far past infancy. Poor sleep quality is associated with poorer psychological health and well‐being for caregivers. Further development of responsive support services that address caregivers' sleep is essential.
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