Long-range interparticle interactions are revealed in extremely dilute thermal atomic ensembles using highly sensitive nonlinear femtosecond spectroscopy.
Dose adaptation for liver disease is important in patients treated with antineoplastic drugs because of the high prevalence of impaired liver function in this population and the dose-dependent, frequently serious adverse effects of these drugs. We classified the antineoplastic drugs marketed in Switzerland at the end of 2004 according to their bioavailability and/or hepatic extraction to predict their kinetic behaviour in patients with decreased liver function. This prediction was compared with kinetic studies carried out with these drugs in patients with liver disease. The studies were identified by a structured, computer-based literature search. Of the 69 drugs identified, 52 had a predominant extrarenal (in most cases hepatic) metabolism and/or excretion. For 49 drugs, hepatic extraction could be calculated and/or bioavailability data were available, allowing classification according to hepatic extraction. For 18 drugs, kinetic studies have been reported in patients with impaired liver function, with the findings generally resulting in quantitative recommendations for adaptation of the dosage. In particular, recommendations are precise for 16 drugs excreted by the bile (e.g. doxorubicin and derivatives and vinca alkaloids). Validation studies comparing such recommendations with kinetics and/or dynamics of antineoplastic drugs in patients with decreased liver function have not been published. We conclude that there are currently not enough data for safe use of cyctostatics in patients with liver disease. Pharmaceutical companies should be urged to provide kinetic data (especially hepatic extraction data) for the classification of such drugs and to conduct kinetic studies for drugs with primarily hepatic metabolism in patients with impaired liver function to allow quantitative advice to be given for dose adaptation.
537 3. Bestlmrnwny der WfirmelsQtfahAgkedt des Wassers 6m Bereach v m 0 648 SO0; von M a x Jako6. (Mitteilung aus der Physikalisch-Technischen Reicbsanstalt.) A. Allgemeiiies.Ilas Wiirmeleitvermogen des Wassers und anderer Flussigkeiten in Abhiingigkeit von der Temperatur mit Sicherheit zu kennen, ist von groBer Wichtigkeit sowohl fiir die Theorie der Fliissigkeiten l) als auch fur die technische Beurteilung von Strbmungs-und Wiirmeubertragungsverhaltnissen i n Fliissigkeiten uncl Gasen auf Grund der Ahnlichkeitsgesetze. z, Diese GroBe ist daher auch von vielen Forschern und nach den verschiedensten Methoden gemessen worden. Deren Ergebnisse weichen aber weit voneinander ab, wie aus Fig. 1 ersichtlich ist. Nicht nur die Absolutwerte sind zum Teil auf loo/, und mehr unsicher; es ist auch in den Messungen der letzten 50 Jahre keine kontinuierliche Anniiherung an einen wahrscheinlichsten Verlauf der Wiirmeleitfdhigkeit mit der Temperatur zu erkennen, sondern ein gesetzloses Pendeln zwischen gro6eren und kleineren Werten; j n es ist noch nicht einmal entschieden, ob das Witrmeleitvermogen mit zunehmender Temperatur zu-oder abnimmt. Oberhalb von 47O endlich sind uberhaupt noch keiie Messungen vorgenommen worden.Als nun an die Reichsanstalt aus der Praxis der Antrag gestellt wurde, die Wiirmeleitfahigkeit eines Transformatoroles 1) Vgl. z. B. H. F. Weber, Sitzungsber. d. BerL Akad. 1885. S. 809; R. Goldschmidt, Phys. Zeitschr. 12. S. 417. 1911. 2) Vgl. z. B. W. N u s s e l t , Der Wtirmeubergang in Rohrleitungen (Mitt. uber Forschunpsrrb. auf d. Gebiete d. Ingenieurwesens, Heft 89. S. 1. 1910); L. Prandtl, Eine Beziehung zwischen Wilrmeaustausch und StrSmungswiderstand der Flussigkeiten (Phys. Zeitschr. 11. S. 1072. 19101; W. Nu as e I t, Das Grundgesetz des Wtirmeubergenges (Gesundheits-Ingehieur 38. S. 477 u. 490. 1915); W. Nusselt, Die Oberflllchenkondensation des Wasserdampfes (Zeitschr. d. Ver. dentsch. Tng. 0. S. 541. 1916.) -1) Ein kurzer Bericht ist bereits in den Sitzungsber. d. Berl. Akad. (1. Wiss. 1920. S. 406 vertiffentlicht.
This paper presents a brief theoretical review of the viscous and free molecular flow phenomena. The equations which describe these two types of flow are applied to flow through porous media and are combined to yield a semi-empirical equation which may be used not only for the viscous and free molecular flow, but also for the transition region between these. Experimentally determined limiting values of the ratio of molecular mean free path to pore diameter are reported. These ratios may be used to indicate the nature of flow in a porous media provided the pore size is known, or they may be used to determine pore size experimentally.
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