The best currently available description of the longitudinal mixing properties of a porous medium is an equation of the formEquation 1 which relates the effective longitudinal dispersion coefficient Dl to the molecular diffusion coefficient D0, the electrical resistivity factor F, the porosity f and a Peclet number. If the parameters dps and m are determined for a porous medium of known porosity and electrical resistivity factor, then a dispersion coefficient may be estimated for a given flow rate and a given gas pair. A new method, featuring on-line gas analysis by thermal conductivity and on-line data reduction by analog computation, was developed and used to determine these mixing parameters for eight naturally occurring sandstones and two dolomite samples. The exponent m of the above equation was found to vary between 1.0 and 1.5. The characteristic length dp s in the above equation was found to vary between 0.25 and 1.9 cm, with an average value of 0.4 cm for sandstones. Measurements were made on two cores in which paraffin wax had been deposited by evaporation from a pentane solution. They indicated that the presence of an immobile phase such as connate water could increase the dispersion coefficients significantly. INTRODUCTION While the petroleum and chemical industries have studied the mixing of miscible liquids flowing in consolidated porous media and of miscible gases flowing in unconsolidated porous media, relatively little data have been presented to describe the mixing of gases flowing through consolidated porous media. Such data are of particular interest to the gas storage industry. For instance, the U.S. Bureau of Mines is storing large quantities of a rich helium-nitrogen gas in contact with a natural gas in a dolomite reservoir. Since the rich gas occupies only 15 percent of the total reservoir volume, it is essential that the extent of rich gas-natural gas mixing be predicted and understood as a function of rock properties, pressure and rate of movement. This investigation was concerned only with the determination of longitudinal dispersion coefficients. It is understood that a transverse dispersion coefficient, which characterizes mixing perpendicular to the direction of flow, may be an order of magnitude less than the coefficient characterizing mixing in the direction of bulk flow.5,19 It should also be recognized that the use of any dispersion coefficient is in itself a simplification. It is necessary to assume that mixing in a porous medium may be characterized by the equationEquation 2 for flow in a single direction. A number of authors1 have pursued the mixing problem, not in terms of the so-called "dispersion model" described by Eq. 1, but in terms of a "mixing cell model". This model supposes that a porous medium is constructed of a large number of small mixing chambers and that the concentration of the diffusing component within each mixing chamber is uniform. Fick's law (Eq. 1) assumes that there is no gross by-passing of one fluid by another, and that there are not stagnant pockets of gas in the system under consideration as discussed by Coats and Smith.8 These assumptions are not always valid for flow through porous media and it is important to recognize the limitations upon Eq. 1.

the recovery,of gas from water drive ' reservoirs and in understanding the This paper examines the knowledge results of water movement in gas storage available on predicting the residual gas operations. Geff'en,et al. in lgbp made left behind an advancing water front"in an experiment+ study of gas displacea water-drive producing gas reservoir or" ment by wqt~r,The research of Gorring2 gas storage reservoir. It is concluded and Nielsen was directed toward a furthat "measurements of 'residualgas should "th$runderstanding of this problem, This be made in the laboratory on cores by paper summarizes the current knowledge water flooding since only ,ageneral from the literature.and presents the relati(~.nship between residual gas and recent studies on the process by which porosj,tywas found. Calculations of gas is entrapped behind m encroaching" saturation distribution can be made for water front,' / water flooding of reservoir rock but such calculations require a knowledge of the Consider the p'rdblemsfaced by the residual gas saturation by imbibition engineer dealing with a gas reservoir and the saturation at zero gas permea-subject to water drive,,oraquifer gas bilityalternate ways of noting the storage reservoir. Nhat is the gas-wat&r residual gas content.saturation distribution at the gas-water interface and what will be the effective-Imbibition rate measurements are , ness of the water in displacing gas when shown to provide a non-destructive gas is produced? What information should method for scaq.hi,ng cores for inhomo-be procured in order that"the best possigeneities.