[1] The ability of two-dimensional hydrodynamic models to accurately and efficiently predict the propagation of floods over large urban areas is of paramount importance for flood risk assessment and management. Paradoxically, it is in these highly relevant urban domains where flood modeling faces some of the most challenging obstacles. This is because of the very high-resolution topography that is typically required to capture key hydraulic features, which significantly increases the computational time of the model. One particularly interesting solution to this difficulty was recently proposed in the form of a numerical scheme for the solution of a simplified version of the shallow water equations, which yields a system of two explicit equations that captures the most relevant hydraulic processes at very high computational efficiency. However, some stability problems were reported, especially when this formulation is applied to low friction areas. This is of particular importance in urban areas, where smooth surfaces are usually abundant. This paper proposes and tests two modifications of this previous numerical scheme that considerably improves the numerical stability of the model. Model improvements were assessed against a structured set of idealized test cases and finally in the simulation of flood propagation over complex topography in a highly urbanized area in London, United Kingdom. The enhanced stability achieved by the new formulation comes at no significant additional computational cost and, in fact, the model performance can benefit from the longer time steps that are allowed by the new scheme.
Downscaling of atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) is necessary to transfer predictions of potential climate change scenarios to local levels. This is of special interest in dry mountainous areas, which are particularly vulnerable to climate change due to risks of reduced freshwater availability. These areas play a key role in hydrology, since they usually receive the highest local precipitation amounts, which are then stored in the form of snow and glaciers. The performance and ability to simulate extreme events of a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) were tested in the arid Upper-Elqui watershed, Chile. Thereafter, future temperature and precipitation seasonal trends along with agro-hydrological indices were analysed for the HadCM3 A2a and B2a scenarios. Maximum and minimum temperatures for both linear trends and extreme events were simulated accurately. However, the results show that SDSM was not a very robust method for the simulation of precipitation. Nevertheless, future trends and indices indicate possible strong inter-seasonal perturbations.Key words arid mountainous watershed; climate change; impacts study; statistical downscaling; temperature; precipitation; SDSM; Elqui Valley; Chile Régionalisation statistique des températures et des précipitations dans le centre-nord du Chili: une évaluation des impacts possibles du changement climatique dans un bassin Andin aride Résumé La régionalisation des simulations de modèles de circulation générale océan-atmosphère est nécessaire pour le transfert des projections de scénarios potentiels de changement climatique aux échelles locales. Cela est décisif pour les zones montagneuses arides, qui sont particulièrement vulnérables au changement climatique, à cause des risques de réduction des ressources en eau disponibles. Ces zones jouent un rôle hydrologique clef puisqu'elles bénéficient habituellement des hauteurs de précipitation les plus élevées et stockent l'eau sous la forme de neige et de glaciers. Les performances et la capacité d'un modèle de régionalisation statistique (SDSM) à simuler des événements extrêmes ont été testées dans le bassin aride du haut Elqui au Chili. Ensuite, les tendances saisonnières futures de température et de précipitations, ainsi qu'une sélection d'indices agrohydrologiques, ont été analysées pour les scenarios A2a et B2a du modèle HadCM3. Les températures maximum et minimum sont simulées fidèlement pour les tendances linéaires et pour les événements extrêmes. Cependant, les résultats montrent que SDSM n'est pas une méthode très robuste quant à la simulation des précipitations. Néanmoins, les tendances futures ainsi que les indices indiquent de fortes perturbations possibles au niveau intersaisonnier. Mots clefs
Changes in hydro-meteorological historical records are of considerable importance for future planning. This study analyses trends of hydro-climatological indices of annual and seasonal precipitation, temperature and discharge in the "Norte Chico" region of Chile (29)(30)(31)(32) • S), located in the Central Andes. It addresses how these trends possibly impacted on the water resources in a nival regime, typical for arid mountainous regions. Homogenous records were tested against monotonic trends using the non-parametric rank-based Mann-Kendall test. The results suggested, at a very high confidence level, a strong warming signal trend over recent decades, consistent at the annual and seasonal levels. Furthermore, warmer days are observed in summer, especially at higher elevations. The region also experienced a shift in the rainy season over the last 42 years. However, an increase in precipitation was observed over recent decades, whereas an annual decrease was the general tendency when the whole century was considered. Changes in discharge were not unequivocal and glacier retreat has been compensated for possibly by an increase in snowmelt in recent years. Hence, in an under-studied area, from the hydrological perspective, this work provides some insights for a better understanding of changing hydrological processes in the mid-latitude Andes Cordillera. • S), située dans les Andes centrales. Elle aborde la façon dont ces tendances ont peut-être influencé les ressources en eau dans un régime nival, typique dans les régions montagneuses arides. Des enregistrements homogènes ont été comparés à des tendances monotones en utilisant le test non-paramétriques de rang de MannKendall. Les résultats ont suggéré, avec un niveau de confiance très élevé, une forte tendance au réchauffement durant ces dernières décennies, cohérente à l'échelle annuelle et saisonnière. Par ailleurs, des jours plus chauds sont observés en été, surtout en altitude. La région a également connu un changement dans la saison des pluies au cours des 42 dernières années. Toutefois, une augmentation des précipitations a été observée au cours des dernières décennies, alors que la tendance générale sur le siècle est à la baisse. Les changements de débits ne sont pas univoques, et le recul des glaciers a probablement été compensé par une augmentation de la fonte des neiges dans les dernières années. Ainsi, dans une zone sous-étudiée, du point de vue hydrologique, ce travail apporte un éclairage pour une meilleure compréhension de l'évolution des processus hydrologiques dans la Cordillère des Andes de moyenne latitude.
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