Abstract. In this paper, we compare Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions (DMF) of CO2 (XCO2) and its urban–rural differences against ground-based remote sensing data measured by the Munich Urban Carbon Column network (MUCCnet). Since April 2020, OCO-2 has regularly conducted target observations in Munich, Germany. Its target-mode data provide high-resolution XCO2 within a 15 km × 20 km target field of view that is greatly suited for carbon emission studies from space in cities and agglomerated areas. OCO-2 detects urban XCO2 with a root mean square different (RMSD) of less than 1 ppm when compared to the MUCCnet reference site. OCO-2 target XCO2 is biased high against the ground-based measurements. The close proximity of MUCCnet's five fully automated remote sensing sites enables us to compare spaceborne and ground-based XCO2 in three urban areas of Munich separately (center, north, and west) by dividing the target field into three smaller comparison domains. Due to this more constrained collocation, we observe improved agreement between spaceborne and ground-based XCO2 in all three comparison domains. For the first time, XCO2 gradients within one OCO-2 target field of view are evaluated against ground-based measurements. We compare XCO2 gradients in the OCO-2 target observations to gradients captured by collocated MUCCnet sites. Generally, OCO-2 detects elevated XCO2 in the same regions as the ground-based monitoring network. More than 90 % of the observed spaceborne gradients have the same orientation as the XCO2 gradients measured by MUCCnet. During our study, urban–rural enhancements are found to be in the range of 0.1 to 1 ppm. The low urban–rural gradients of typically well below 1 ppm in Munich during our study allow us to test OCO-2's lower detection limits for intra-urban XCO2 gradients. Urban XCO2 gradients recorded by the OCO-2 instruments and MUCCnet are strongly correlated (R2=0.68) with each other and have an RMSD of 0.32 ppm. A case study, which includes a comparison of one OCO-2 target overpass to WRF-GHG modeled XCO2, reveals a similar distribution of enhanced CO2 column abundances in Munich. In this study, we address OCO-2's capability to detect small-scale spatial XCO2 differences within one target observation. Our results suggest OCO-2's potential to assess anthropogenic emissions from space.

Abstract. In this paper, we compare Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2)’s measurements of column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) and its urban-rural differences against ground-based remote sensing data measured by the Munich Urban Carbon Column network (MUCCnet). Since April 2020, OCO-2 regularly conducts target observations in Munich, Germany. Its target mode data provides high resolution XCO2 within a 15 km×20 km target field-of-view, that is greatly suited for carbon emission studies from space in cities and agglomerated areas. OCO-2 detects urban XCO2 with a RMSD of less than 1 ppm when compared to the MUCCnet reference site. OCO-2 target XCO2 is biased high against the ground-based measurements. The close proximity of MUCCnet’s five fully automated remote sensing sites enables us to compare space-borne and ground-based XCO2 in three urban areas of Munich separately (centre, north, and west), by dividing the target field into three smaller comparison domains. Due to this more constraint collocation, we observe improved agreement between space-borne10and ground-based XCO2 in all three comparison domains. For the first time, XCO2 gradients within one OCO-2 target field-of-view are evaluated against ground-based measurements. We compare XCO2 gradients in the OCO-2 target observations to gradients captured by collocated MUCCnet sites. Generally, OCO-2 detects elevated XCO2 in the same regions as the ground-based monitoring network. More than 90 % of the observed space-borne gradients have the same orientation as the XCO2 gradients measured by MUCCnet. During our study, urban-rural enhancements are found to be in the range of 0.1 to 1 ppm. The low urban-rural gradients of typically well below 1 ppm in Munich during our study allow us to test OCO-2’s lower detection limits for intra-urban XCO2 gradients. Urban XCO2 gradients recorded by the OCO-2 instruments and MUCCnet are strongly correlated (R2 = 0.6752) with each other and have an RMSD of 0.32 ppm. A case study, which includes a comparison of one OCO-2 target overpass to WRF-GHG modeled XCO2, reveals a similar distribution of enhanced CO2 column abundances in Munich. In this study, we address OCO-2’s capability of detecting small-scale spatial XCO2 differences within one target observation. Our results suggest OCO-2’s potential of assessing anthropogenic emissions from space.

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