Charge transfer and charge transport are by far among the most important processes for sustaining life on Earth and for making our modern ways of living possible. Involving multiple electron-transfer...
Hybridization
of electron donors and acceptors provides routes
to long-wavelength absorbing and fluorescing dyes. Varying the coupling
of low-lying charge-transfer (CT) states with the ground and different
locally excited states profoundly affects the photophysics of such
donor–acceptor conjugates. Herein, we hybridize an electron-deficient
diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) moiety with an electron-rich pyrrolopyrrole
(PP) that is symmetrically N-arylated with 4-nitrophenyl substituents.
The lowest Franck–Condon state is located on the DPP ring structure
and dominates the photophysics of the hybrid. Similar to the DPP moiety,
the hybrid exhibits optical absorption that is invariant to the solvent
media. The PP donor considerably modulates its fluorescence by undergoing
electron transfer to the locally excited DPP to form a CT state. For
nonpolar media, an increase in solvent polarity causes a bathochromic
shift of the fluorescence reaching the longest wavelengths for chloroform
and DCM. A further increase in the medium polarity moves the fluorescence
maximum hypsochromically back to where it is for alkane solvents.
This bidirectional solvatofluorochromism accompanies a polarity-induced
increase in the nonradiative decay rates leading to a decrease in
the emission quantum yield. The solvent dependence of the energy level
of the CT state is responsible for the observed polarity-induced fluorescence
behavior of the hybrid. This emission behavior, along with the solvent
invariance of the absorption, results in multimodal sensitivity to
the solvation environment.
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