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Background: Methotrexate (MTX) isa folic acid antagonist withanti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and immunosuppressive activities. MTX is very effective in the treatment of many inflammatory disordersand types of canceras it depleted thehepatic folate stores needed for DNA and protein synthesis. However, this drug has profoundly toxic effect particularly to the liver. Treatment with Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, is widely used due to its defensive mechanismof liver toxicity. Selenium (Se), one of the essential trace elements, has a protective role as antioxidant in the body. Aim of Study: The present work was designed to evaluate the adverse effect of Methotrexate on the histology of the liver and to investigate the possible protective role of Ursodeoxycholic acid versus Selenium on Methotrexate-induced hepatic toxicity. Material and Methods: Twenty-four adult male albino rats were utilized in the present study. The rats were divided into four groups, each group consisted of six rats. Group I (control group), Group II (receiving Methotrexate only), Group III (Ursodeoxycholic acid-treated group), Group IV (Selenium-treated group). The livers of all rats were removed for investigation using light microscopic, immunohistochemical, histomorphometrical and statistical studies. Results and Conclusion: Methotrexate receiving rats showed massive degenerative changes and loss of demarcation of the hepatocytes. These changes had been partially recovered in rats treated with Ursodeoxycholic acid. Therefore, using Selenium, the degenerative changes were much reduced. The present study concluded that Selenium was more effective in improving the structural changes in rats receiving Methotrexate.

Background: The suprascapular notch is a depression on the superior border of scapula which gives passage to the suprascapular nerve to enter the supraspinous fossa. During its course there is a possibility of entrapment of the nerve while in the notch due to its variant shapes and dimensions which leads to suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. Also the spinoglenoid notch with its ligament is affected by the position of the glenohumeral joint. These pressure changes in combination with repetitive shoulder movement are likely components that cause repeated trauma or compression on the distal suprascapular nerve. Aim of Study: The present work was designed to study the variation of the shape and diameter of the suprascapular notch and spinoglenoid notch of the scapula. Material and Methods: The study will be carried out on 100 dried human scapula obtained from Anatomy department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. The shape of the suprascapular notch was determined and recorded as follow U shaped, V shaped, flat or absent at all. Out of 100 scapulae 56 were right sided and 44 were left sided. Also the mean values for suprascapula notch was measured. Results: The most common shape was V-shaped, followed by U-shaped, then the least common one is the flat one. About 14 % scapulae showing absent foramen. Regarding the side of scapulae, V shaped suprascapular notch were recorded in 44.2% scapulae (22 left side, 16 right side), while 39.5% were U shaped (12 left side, 22 right side). Only 16.3% scapulae showed flat suprascapular notch (8 left side, 6 right side). Conclusion: This study may help the clinicians to have precise anatomical knowledge of the suprascapular notch before making proper diagnosis and surgical interventions of suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome.