Web-scale discovery systems are becoming prevalent in research libraries. Although a number of studies have explored various impacts of discovery systems, few studies exist on user satisfaction. The investigators of this study evaluated user satisfaction with the discovery service Summon at Ryerson University, using online questionnaires and in-person focus groups. Results indicated a high level of satisfaction overall, although this was heavily influenced by the quality of search results over ease of use. The study provides insight into the information-seeking behavior and search preferences of a user when a discovery layer is implemented in a research library.ith the recent growth of web-scale discovery (WSD) services in academic libraries, both users and library staff alike are adjusting their informationseeking behaviors in response to these new tools. Athena Hoeppner defined WSD as "a preharvested central index coupled with a richly featured discovery layer providing a single search across a library's local, open access, and subscription collections."1 In light of the Google phenomenon, many users have come to expect a 'one-stop' search experience, which is changing how they access library resources and, consequently, the services offered in academic libraries. The expansion of WSD services in academic libraries may represent a move away from simply searching for materials, toward an expectation of accessing materials in full text.2 WSD tools aim to meet user expectations with a single search and access point.In light of these shifting priorities, the evaluation and assessment of WSD services will become increasingly important, as libraries need to determine user satisfaction as a measure of the value of their investment. The following study seeks to determine user satisfaction with a particular WSD tool (Serial Solutions Summon) in a research library at a mid-sized urban university. However, the diverse survey demographic and data gathered make this study relevant for many academic libraries.To contextualize the study, Ryerson University's Library serves a population of over 28,000 students, including about 2,300 graduate students, as well as 780 tenured and tenure-track faculty and approximately 1,700 administrative and support staff. Situated in the heart of downtown Toronto, the library is the only one serving the campus. A research team of three librarians at Ryerson University Library and Archives planned an assessment project for September 2011 to coincide with the release of Summon to the campus for the new academic year. 4 Recognizing the various potential study foci-such as usage, information literacy, usability, and the like-the investigators chose to evaluate user satisfaction to fill a gap in the research literature.With questionnaires being one of the preferred methods of gathering user feedback about electronic resources in libraries, the investigators chose to conduct two online surveys to gather quantitative and qualitative data about user experience with Summon. 5 The online questionnaire...

We examine how well completion design is governed by subsurface characteristics, surface environment, and state of technology. We present a methodology of well design that takes into account geology, drilling, reservoir, and operational characteristics and constraints. The method selects pertinent configurations for well trajectory, formation completion, and wellbore components to segment, route, lift, and monitor the flow stream. We discuss how this methodology is derived from case histories in land, platform, and subsea fields. Introduction Various developments in the E&P scene have motivated this work on well completion design and its underlying methodology. First, the move to frontier fields and deepwater developments, where the subsurface and surface environments are complex and well numbers are limited, highlights the critical role each well plays in the overall performance of the field or asset. Second, in the vast number of mature fields, in which production is constrained by facilities, efficient well design is arguably the most effective means of enhancing field performance and stemming production bottlenecks from the source. Third, a wide range of drilling, completion, and production technologies have been developed in recent years in response to the increasing complexity of reservoir targets in developing and mature fields, which necessitates the development of a methodology to inform and guide the application of technology. (Prior work in this domain is partly reflected in References 1–6.) Finally, robust modeling techniques have been developed, primarily in response to technology developments, enabling a quantitative analysis of wellbore-reservoir interactions.7 General Approach We place well design on a common footing with a broad range of engineering design problems, notably those in the process industry. A process plant is typically designed with a specified feed or inflow stream and a prescribed effluent or outflow stream. Experience and basic knowledge of a range of unit operations aid in determining the plant architecture that can reliably convert the inflow stream into the required outflow within the constraints of safety, economics, operability, and process efficiency. The blueprint of the process is captured in a process flow diagram, which becomes the basis of detailed design, component specifications, integration plan, etc. We decouple the well design problem into a high-level or conceptual design phase and a detailed design phase, and allow for iterations between the two. The object of conceptual design is to determine the well architecture that can most effectively convert the inflow stream from the reservoir to the outflow stream that can be handled by surface infrastructure. With process plants, however, the inflow stream is itself determined by the well architecture, particularly the segment of the well that penetrates the reservoir. As such, we may distinguish a ‘lower’ component within the well, which is the component that penetrates the reservoir and dictates the character of the inflow stream. The ‘upper’ component of the well, therefore, can be treated as the domain that converts an inflow stream from the ‘lower’ completion into an outflow stream that meets the requirements of surface infrastructure. The requirements of the outflow stream from the well depend on what lies beyond the well, and hence depend primarily on the field environment. Dry wellheads (land and platform) have very different delivery requirements than subsea wells (with a range from proximate wellheads in varying water depths to distant tieback and satellite wells). Thus, just as the subsurface governs the ‘lower’ completion, the surface governs the ‘upper’ completion. Given that the well is a conduit between the subsurface and the surface, this dependence is self-evident. Yet, there is a third dimension that impacts well design on a par with surface and subsurface characteristics.

This paper contains a condensed description of recent developments in completion technology and relates how these technologies have enabled novel production methods. Field applications reveal the geological, reservoir and surface characteristics that favor the application of these methods. Introduction Developments in completion technology are a natural consequence of developments in drilling technology. Today, virtually all configurations that can be drilled can also be completed. This is due to important developments in multilateral, sand control, flow control, artificial lift, and monitoring technologies. In the domain of multilaterals, a polarization of technology around the level-3 and level-6 systems is observed. In the domain of sand control, screens, gravel-packs, and fracturing techniques exhibit notable developments. In the domain of flow control, a large spectrum of technology from discrete to continuous valves covering a wide range of flowrates is observed. In the domain of artificial lift, a number of developments related to electrical submersible pumps for deployment in gassy, sandy, and subsea settings are observed. In the domain of permanent monitoring an evolution from pressure to flow monitoring and an emergence of distributed measurements is noted. The combinability of these technologies is essential for the proliferation and further evolution of novel production methods. Completion Technology Multilaterals — Multilateral wells can be broadly divided into two groups — those that offer no hydraulic isolation between the laterals (levels 1–4) and those that do (levels 5–6). The level-3 and level-6 systems have emerged as the prime candidates for applications that require no or full hydraulic isolation between the laterals. Level-3 junctions provide a pre-milled window system with liner tieback. The mechanical junction gives full reentry access to the mainbore and the lateral. As fullbore access is available pumps can be placed below the junction and closer to the reservoir. Level-6 junctions have full pressure integrity achieved by the main casing string. A recent system is the preformed level-6 where the junction is run to the bottom of the parent casing in compressed state. A wireline-conveyed expansion tool reforms and expands the junction to provide two laterals with the same diameter. The reformed junction has high strength and provides hydraulic and pressure integrity. Sand Control — Sand control methods can be classified as chemical, mechanical, or hydraulic. Chemical methods are in-situ sand consolidation and resin injection. Mechanical methods are screens and gravel packs. Screen types now include simple and double wire-wrapped screens and slotted liners, screens pre-packed with gravel, and screens that can expand downhole to cover a larger surface area. In gravel packing, a new method combines carrier fluid and shunt tubes to provide a way for slurry to bypass gravel bridges and fill in the voids. Hydraulic methods involve fracturing. Single-trip perforating, fracturing, and packing methods have been developed.

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