A single tree topology is a commonly employed topology for wireless sensor networks (WSN) to connect sensors to one or more remote gateways. However, its many-to-one traffic routing pattern imposes heavy burden on downstream nodes, as the same routes are repeatedly used for packet transfer, from one or more upstream branches. The challenge is how to choose the most optimal routing paths that minimizes energy consumption across the entire network. This paper proposes a proactive energy awareness-based many-to-one traffic routing scheme to alleviate the above said problem referred to as Energy Balance-Based Energy Hole Alleviation in tree topology (EBEHA-T). This protocol combines updated status of variations in energy consumption pattern around sink-hole zones and distribution of joint nodes among the trees. With this approach, EBEHA-T proactively prevents sink-hole formation instead of just a reactive response after they have occurred. Performance evaluation of EBEHA-T against benchmark method RaSMaLai shows increased energy saving across the entire network and a marked improvement in energy consumption balance in energy-hole zones. This precludes energy hole formation and the consequent network partitioning, leading to improved network lifetime beyond that of the RasMaLai. OMNET++ network simulation software has been used for the evaluation.
The contemporary world has been significantly influenced by the development of the wireless sensor network (WSN). The demand for excellent performance became a necessity; however, the restrictions in this tiny device in terms of energy resources, memory, and computational capability created numerous difficulties. Regardless of the WSN features, energy holes due to the rapid energy depletion around the sink node occur resulting in dramatic network partitioning. Previous studies have pointed out some reactive solutions to alleviate these holes. Meanwhile, proactive and early stage countermeasures are believed to serve as extraordinary immunity against this phenomenon. This work in progress aims to immunize multiple sinks against energy holes. The core of this novel proactive energy metric is a vision for the status of relative energy deviation among hole members (deputy nodes [DN]) conveyed to distant nodes in order to assist in assessing their interconnected DN relative to the density encountered by their initialized route. Supported by this proactive metric and a wise routing decision mechanism, a topology of protected multiple sinks is proposed. Thus, this competitive approach for energy-aware traffic routing ensures efficient energy balancing among the DN of each hole, plays a significant role in future routing decision, protects entire sinks from isolation, and extends its life span.
A tree topology is a commonly employed topology for wireless sensor networks (WSN) to connect sensors to one or more remote gateways. In many-to-one traffic, routing imposes a heavy burden on downstream nodes, as the same routes are repeatedly used for packet forwarding from one or more sensor chains. The challenge is traffic paths that ensure balanced energy consumption at sink-hole to protect sensors from fast death. This paper proposes an energy consumption pattern-aware greedy routing protocol that proactively protects many-to-one topology from the sink-hole formation. The proposed protocol, Energy Balance-Based Energy Hole Alleviation in Tree Topology (EBEHA-T), precludes energy hole formation rather than retrospectively responding to a hole detection. Updated status of variations in energy consumption patterns at the sink-hole and construction feature of joint nodes in the tree topology aids in routing decision. Performance evaluation of EBEHA-T against benchmark method RaSMaLai shows increased energy-saving across the entire network and a marked improvement in energy consumption balance in energy hole zones. This precludes energy hole formation and the consequent network partitioning, leading to improved network lifetime beyond that of the RasMaLai.
Recently, the revolution of deploying wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has accelerated the need for further development. Thus, numerous researches of different perspectives seeking some enhancements have been proposed. Throughout our extensive study, we have found that there is a phenomenon with adverse side effects known as sink isolation (sink's hotspot zone) which exists due to the sink's neighbor nodes (deputy nodes) run out of energy faster than the others. This draws attention to our hypothesis, energy exhaustion in sink's hotspot zones is worthy of concern more than that of distant zones. Accordingly, we propose a pioneering metric with highly influential factors for forward node selection. This proper selection ends the route of the data traffic in a deputy node of least energy exhaustion. As a result, extensively dissipated sensors in the hotspot zones are avoided, sinks are protected from isolation, and lifetime is extended.
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