Background: Hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy [HNDC/DCM (ND-H)] is a recently proposed (by ESC, 2016) subtype of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), which is characterized by the absence of left ventricular (LV) dilatation despite of global LV systolic dysfunction. Knowledge regarding clinical severity and outcomes of patients with DCM (ND-H) is very limited. Objective of the study was to evaluate clinical severity and hospital outcome of patients with HNDC [DCM (ND-H)].Methods: Total 1248 admitted patients with primary DCM were finalized as study participants considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study participants were categorized into two groups depending on presence or absence of LV dilatation. 411 (32.9%) patients without any LV dilatation included in group A [HNDC/DCM (ND-H) group] and 837 (67.1%) patients with LV dilatation included in group B [DCM (D-H) group]. Data with respect to clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic findings and disease outcome of patients compared statistically between the two groups.Conclusions: HNDC [DCM (ND-H)] is a subclinical subtype, which represents 1/3rd population of DCM. Apart from absence of cardiomegaly, typical clinical signs, electrocardiographic abnormalities, from which we can suspect heart disease, were less prevalent in patients with DCM (ND-H). Therefore, patient most often miss the diagnosis till the advance stage. Non cardiac co-morbidities along with late diagnosis can be important contributing factors for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with DCM (ND-H) comparable to the DCM (D-H) counterpart.

Introduction: Coronary Artery Anomalies (CAA) refer to very uncommon and unusual morphological features of the epicardial coronary artery that account for 1/5th of deaths in athletes. Patients with CAA are also prone to developing significant Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Identifying such arteries during catheter-guided angiography is very challenging and is associated with many devastating complications, such as arrhythmia, heart failure, Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN), bleeding, cardio-embolic events, and mechanical injury to the coronary artery, among others. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of various types of coronary anomalies and the complications that arise during catheter-guided angiography. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between February 2022 and October 2022, enrolling a total of 2849 patients who underwent angiography for angina or angina equivalents at the catheterisation laboratory, VIMSAR, Burla, Odisha, India. Angiographic records and videos of patients were noted. Coronary anomalies were detected based on quantitative and qualitative criteria provided by the American Heart Association in 2007. The anomalous coronary arteries were classified into three groups: Group A- anomalies of origin and course, Group B- anomalies of intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy, and Group C- anomalies of coronary termination. Data regarding baseline characteristics and procedurerelated complications were collected, compiled, and tabulated to determine the prevalence of different types of coronary anomalies and the arising complications during catheterguided angiography. Results: Among the 2849 enrolled patients, CAA was identified in 64 (2.24%) patients. Of these, CAA with abnormal origin and course (Group A), abnormal termination (Group B), and intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy (Group C) were detected in 36 (1.26%), 4 (0.14%), and 24 (0.84%) patients, respectively. Out of the 64 cases, a total of 13 (20.3%) patients developed different types of complications, including mechanical 2 (3.125%), embolic 1 (1.56%), and arrhythmic 3 (4.68%) complications, bleeding 2 (3.12%), angiographic 3 (4.68%), and left ventricular failure 2 (3.12%), among others. In Group A, complications were more commonly observed in 10 (15.6%) of the cases. Conclusion: CAA with an abnormal origin and course is the most common type of coronary anomaly. Engaging such an artery and detecting its abnormal course are more commonly associated with life-threatening complications. The use of appropriate maneuvers, types and sizes of catheters, and CIN views can help avoid disastrous complications.

Background: Coronary artery anomalies (CAA) refer to very uncommon and unusual morphological features of the epicardial coronary artery that account for 1/5th of deaths in athletes. Patients with CAA are also prone to develop significant coronary artery disease. Identification of such arteries during catheter-guided angiography is very challenging and associated with many devastating complications like arrhythmia, heart failure, contrast-induced nephropathy, bleeding, cardio-embolic events, mechanical injury to the coronary artery, etc. Objective: To describe the prevalence of various types of coronary anomalies and the complications, that arise during catheter-guided angiography. Materials and method: A total of 2849 patients who underwent angiography (for angina or angina equivalents) at the catheterization laboratory, VIMSAR, Burla, were enrolled in the study. Angiographic records and videos of patients were noted. Coronary anomalies were detected as per quantitative and qualitative criteria provided by the American Heart Association in 2007. The anomalous coronary arteries were classified into three groups based on the guidelines: Group A—anomalies of origin and course; Group B—anomalies of intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy; and Group C—anomalies of coronary termination. Data with respect to baseline characteristics and complications are collected, compiled, and tabulated for further analysis. Result: Among 2849 enrolled patients, coronary artery anomalies were identified in 64 (2.24%) patients. Out of which, CAA with abnormal origin and course (Group A), abnormal termination (Group B), and intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy (Group C) were detected in 36 (1.26%), 4 (0.14%), and 24 (0.84%) patients, respectively. Out of 64 cases, a total of 13 (20.3%) patients developed different types of complications, like mechanical (3.125%), embolic (1.56%), and arrhythmic (4.68%), bleeding (3.12%), contrast-induced nephropathy (4.68%), left ventricular failure (3.12%), etc. In group A, complications were more commonly observed in 10 (15.6%) of the cases. Conclusion: CAA with an abnormal origin and course is the most common type of coronary anomaly. Engagement of such an artery and detection of its abnormal course are more commonly associated with life-threatening complications. The use of appropriate manoeuvres, types and size of catheter, and cine views can help to avoid disastrous complications.