The tresino phase-transition that took place about 300 years after the big-bang, converted most baryons into almost equal numbers of protons and tresinos. Many of these become oppositely-charged rotating pairs or “rotors”. This paper examines the formation, evolution, disposition and observations of the protons and tresinos from the phase-transition to the present era. The solar corona is further examined within the same tresino phase-transition picture.

Abstract. We show that a recently introduced class of electromagnetic composite particles can explain some discrepancies in observations involving heat and helium released from the earth. Energy release during the formation of the composites and subsequent nuclear reactions involving the composites are described that can quantitatively account for the discrepancies and are expected to have implications in other areas of geophysics -for example, a new picture of heat production and volcanism in the earth is presented.

Abstract. This Brief Communication presents a series of model calculations for the electron pair donor densities required for tresino thermal energy generation in the Earth. The crucial density of electron donors is determined from the ratio of He This Brief Communication describes a new proposal relating to tresino formation-hence to thermal energy generation (Mayer and Reitz, 2014) in the Earth; it represents an extension of our prior work on the thermal energy generation in the Earth. In our NPG paper, we made an assumption regarding the collisions that gave rise to the transfer of a pair of electrons required to form 10 a tresino, hence energy generation. The assumption was that the electron pairs were delivered in a collision between a proton Figure 1) to form either a proton tresino or a deuteron tresino. The ensuing reaction dynamics and energy generation then follows the same reaction chains as those of our earlier paper (Mayer and Reitz, 2014). Unfortunately, the microphysics of the formation of the Cooper pairs is itself complex because of the physical processes, the materials, and the spatial length scales may all be diverse even in laboratory experiments, which by the way, are generally done at low temperatures, as described in the overview paper of (Hirsh, Maple and Marsiglio , 2015). 20Cooper pairs have been recently been proposed in Feigel'man andIoffe (2015) and S. Dolgopolov (2015) in somewhat mixed materials, including at interfaces, see e.g. [Gariglio, et.al. (2015)]. So considering "superfluids" of Cooper pairs created in Earth materials, perhaps under pressure, seems a reasonable assumption in the Earth. Of course, assessing the materials most operative in the Earth will have to be determined. Interestingly, the "superfluid" has only to be a (local) transient process but 1 Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss., https://doi

It is shown that evaporant ions from pellet-injected plasmas are accelerated to energies considerably in excess of the background thermal energies. This energy transduction in pellet evaporation is a hydrodynamic ion-acceleration process that may provide a useful new method of plasma energy control.PACS numbers: 52.75.-d Recent experimental results on pellet-injected tokamak plasmas from the Alcator group 1 ' 2 have produced interesting new data and increased interest in the effects of pellet injection upon the tokamak plasmas. In particular, the energy-confinement lifetime was observed to increase by at least a factor of 2 for pellet-injected plasmas compared with gas-puffed plasmas, and the fusion reaction rate was observed to increase strongly just after pellet injection. We have recently 3 again applied the quasi steady-state evaporation model of Cowie and McKee 4 (CM) in order to fix the only adjustable parameter of that model, namely, the classical flux-limit parameter. 5 While looking closely at these comparisons, we realized that a potentially important aspect of pellet evaporation had been overlooked, specifically, that evaporant ions are accelerated to quite high velocities before entering the tokamak background plasma. This process, where machine-stored electron thermal energy is converted to evaporant-ion kinetic energy, may be described as "energy transduction." This Letter describes energy transduction in pellet evaporation, and we indicate some of the recent Alcator experimental results that may be connected to this process. In addition, we present some advanced concepts that make use of energy transduction, as well as a few experiments to confirm or deny it.We should note that high ion kinetic energies are a familiar result of the evaporation process in laser-fusion experiments. 6 In long-laser-pulse ( -5 ns) experiments, which are more nearly steady state, the ions are accelerated to Mach 2 or 3. This is characteristic of the steadystate spherical evaporation theory (described below) and these velocities have been observed in experiments 7 and in the hydrodynamic-code simulations of Matzen and Morse. 8 The so-called "fast-ions," in laser-fusion experiments, are known to be a substantial energy-loss mechanism because this energy is not delivered to target compression. However, in tokamak pellet evaporation these ions, because of their high energy, may be quite beneficial. High-enery ion production by pellet evaporation is a consideration very different from that of previous researchers who have viewed the pellet-evaporation process as simply adding fuel mass to the tokamak. Our results suggest that the evaporation process acts to redistribute energy-taking energy from the electron energy supply and delivering it to energetic ions in a nonthermal distribution. Because the electron mean free path in the background plasma is quite large, the evaporation process can draw upon electron thermal energy over large dimensions, and because electron energy moves at the electron thermal speed, the process is ...

Abstract:The Standard Model of Cosmology (SMC) has evolved in the decades since the 1965 Penzias and Wilson observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Over this 50-year period, the SMC has become increasingly strange due to a number of questionable assumptions. This paper examines some of these assumptions and compares them to our Baryon Phase-Transition cosmological model.