Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the modern third dimension applied in the field of oral maxillofacial region. With lower radiation dose compared to conventional CT, its applications in dentistry has increased tremendously. Artefacts can seriously degrade the quality of computed tomographic (CBCT) images, sometimes to the point of making them diagnostically unusable. To optimize image quality, it is necessary to understand why artifacts occur and how they can be prevented or suppressed. CT artifacts originate from a range of sources; physical based, scanner based and patient based. This article highlights the causes of artefacts on CBCT images and methods to avoid them.

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Prenatal exposure to addictive drugs can lead to placental epigenetic modifications, but a methylome-wide evaluation of placental DNA methylation changes after prenatal opioid exposure has not yet been performed. Placental tissue samples were collected at delivery from 19 opioid-exposed and 20 unexposed control full-term pregnancies. Placental DNA methylomes were profiled using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylationEPIC BeadChip. Differentially methylated CpG sites associated with opioid exposure were identified with a linear model using the ‘limma’ R package. To identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) spanning multiple CpG sites, the ‘DMRcate’ R package was used. The functions of genes mapped by differentially methylated CpG sites and DMRs were further annotated using Enrichr. Differentially methylated CpGs (n = 684, unadjusted p < 0.005 and |∆β| ≥ 0.05) were mapped to 258 genes (including PLD1, MGAM, and ALCS2). Differentially methylated regions (n = 199) were located in 174 genes (including KCNMA1). Enrichment analysis of the top differentially methylated CpG sites and regions indicated disrupted epigenetic regulation of genes involved in synaptic structure, chemical synaptic transmission, and nervous system development. Our findings imply that placental epigenetic changes due to prenatal opioid exposure could result in placental dysfunction, leading to abnormal fetal brain development and the symptoms of opioid withdrawal in neonates.

Introduction Epidermoid cysts are commonly found in various part of the body, but its occurrence in the oral cavity is relatively rare. Case presentation Present case highlights the importance of involvement of epidermoid cyst within the tongue in 10-year-old child. Discussion The occurrence of epidermoid cyst within the tongue is an extremely rare phenomenon and only few cases have been reported in the literature. Clinically they are painless, slowly growing mass causing difficulty in breathing, eating and swallowing Imaging modalities most importantly; ultrasonography helps in the evaluation of the lesion. However, histopathology remains the mainstay for definitive diagnosis in such conditions. Conclusion From the present case, it is concluded that such type of cases needs to be reported as it highlights the importance of keeping the rarities in mind along with common lesions while making a diagnosis. How to cite this article Jain M. Epidermoid Cyst of the Tongue—A Rare Case. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(1):80–82.