Efficacy of neem leaf extract, mahogany seed dust, and neem seed kernel dust against the mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt., (Homoptera: Aphididae) on the mustard plant (Brassica campestris L.) was investigated during November 2014 to January 2015. The trial included four treatments, namely T1: neem leaf extract, T2: mahogany seed dust, T3: neem seed kernel dust, T4: control. The treatments began 22 DAS and were repeated every 7 days. T4 had the maximum number (9500 ± 1226.3) of aphid pest population at 57 DAS, and the lowest number (3 ± 0.9) of aphid pest population was found in T4 at 29 DAS. The aphid population was found to be nil at 22 and 71 DAS in all treatments. Furthermore, in case of T2, the aphid population was zero at 29 DAS. There was no significant difference in aphid counts between the treatments, according to the ANOVA test. Only in T2, the aphid counts showed a significant difference by replicates. But the number of fruits and seed output of mustard were affected by the efficacy of botanicals against mustard aphid. T1 exhibited the highest percentage of fruits (27.7%), seeds (42.64%), and seed weight (54.9%). T1 had the highest proportion of healthy seed (75.91%), whereas T4 had the highest percentage of defective seed (45.49%). Aphid population is negatively correlated to average temperature and relative humidity in all treatments. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(3): 615-623, 2022 (September)

The diversity of coleopteran species was studied at three different selected areas in Dhaka city from December 2016 to November 2017. A total of 11,397 individuals of 56 coleopteran species belonging to 50 genera, including 15 families, were recorded in the study areas during the study period. Of them, 47 species (4916 individuals) of 13 families were found at the Ramna Park, 48 species (2441 individuals) of 15 families at the National Botanical Garden, and 42 species (4040 individuals) of 11 families at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) campus. A total of 30 species, 25 genera, and 11 families were common in these three study areas. At the Ramna Park, the highest species richness included the family Chrysomelidae (34.04%), and the lowest was under the six families including Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Nitidulidae, Geotrupidae, Erotylidae, and Scarabaeidae (2.13%). At the National Botanical Garden, the maximum number of species was recorded under the family Chrysomelidae (6.24%), and the lowest was under seven families including Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Nitidulidae, Geotrupidae, Erotylidae, Elateridae, and Dermestidae (2.08%). The maximum number of coleopteran species was identified under the family Chrysomelidae (35.71%), and the lowest was under six families including Staphylinidae, Cerambycidae, Nitidulidae, Geotrupidae, Elateridae, and Dermestidae (2.38%) at the AERE campus. The Shanon’s Diversity Index (H′) and Simpson’s Index (λ) indicate high coleopteran diversity at the Ramna Park (H′=3.41, λ=0.05), the AERE Campus (H′=3.07, λ=0.06), and the National Botanical Garden (H′=2.93, λ=0.08). The high species evenness in the Ramna Park (J’= 0.89) and the AERE campus (J’= 0.82) indicates that the species were evenly distributed, whereas at the National Botanical Garden (J’= 0.76) they were comparatively less evenly distributed. The calculated Sorenson’s Coefficient (CC) is 0.66, indicating that these three communities were fairly similar or overlapped. The Community Dominances were 21.03%, 32.16% and 18.66% for the Ramna Park, National Botanical Garden, and AERE campus, respectively. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50 (2): 185-200, 2022

Background: Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus are common endocrine disorders that often coexist and can significantly impact each other’s management. The American Diabetes Association recommends that people with diabetes be periodically screened for thyroid dysfunction due to the strong link between the two conditions. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors for both conditions and to seek appropriate medical care if necessary, and for healthcare providers to consider testing for thyroid dysfunction in adults with newly detected type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study was to find out thyroid dysfunction in adults with newly detected type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted at the Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology at Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital in Dhaka. The study period lasted six months, from May to October 2019. A total of 102 adult patients (above 20 years old) with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus who were attending the Endocrinology and Medicine Outpatient Department participated in the study. Results: Out of 102 adults with newly detected type 2 diabetes mellitus, the majority (86.3%) had normal thyroid function (euthyroid), while a smaller number (13.7%) had thyroid dysfunction. The most common subgroup of thyroid dysfunction was subclinical hypothyroidism (7.8%), followed by hypothyroidism (3.9%), subclinical thyrotoxicosis (1.0%), and hyperthyroidism (1.0%). The majority of the study population was male (66%) and from urban areas (88%), with a mean age of 45.1 years, a mean BMI of 25.0 kg/m2, and a mean waist circumference of 98.4 cm. About 45% had a family history of diabetes mellitus and 37% were smokers. The blood pressure of the study population was within normal limits. A minority (30%) had co-morbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and ischemic heart disease. The predictors of thyroid dysfunction were observed Age (OR=0.785), F/H of thyroid disorder (OR=0.495) BMI (OR=1.059), Anti-TPO Ab(OR= 0.021). Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes are commonly associated with each other and can impact clinical presentation and laboratory results. It is important to routinely screen for thyroid function in all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to detect, treat, and prevent complications of both these conditions.

A study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of newly synthesized chemical ‘4-[3-(4-biphenylyl)-1, 6-dihydro-6-iminopyridazin-1-yl] butyronitrile hydro bromide against beanaphid, Aphis craccivora, under six treatments: T1 (20 ppm), T2 (40 ppm), T3 (60 ppm), T4 (80 ppm), T5 (100 ppm), and untreated control T6. Aphid numbers was peaked in January and it was zero in February. The best efficacy of administered doses was found in the T3 and followed by T5, T4, and T2, respectively. The aphid abundance in different weeks (F= 1.89; p<0.05) and the treated doses (F= 3.19; p< 0.02) were significantly varied among the plants. The aphid population showed a positive correlation with temperature in the T3 (r = 0.48) and T5 (r = 0.33) and a negative correlation in T1 (r = -0.32), T2 (-0.24), and T4 (-0.20), and untreated control T6 (- 0.24). Whereas, aphids were positively correlated with humidity in T3 (r = 0.46), T4 (r = 0.40), and T5 (r = 0.18) and negatively correlated in T1 (r = -0.32), T2 (r = -0.53), T4 (r = -0.40), and untreated control T6 (r = -0.52). The treated doses T4 and T3 produced the most vigorous fruits, while T1 produced the lowest. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50 (2): 261-272, 2022

Freshwater lakes are a crucial component of the urban ecology and offer several direct and indirect advantages to its people. Habitat degradation of native insects has happened because of development activities and unscientific natural resource management. As a consequence, many insects of freshwater lakes are now rare and endangered. A research was conducted to find out the abundance, variety and distribution of aquatic insect fauna in an urban freshwater lake, Hatirjheel, Dhaka during November 2015 to February 2016. A total of 3255 individuals of water insects comprising of 11 species and 31 genera under 20 families belonging 5 orders were recorded. The order Hemiptera contained the highest abundance (38.71%) including 7 families and 12 genera containing 5 species, while Trichoptera had the lowest (6.45%) including 2 families and 2 genera. The dominating species in the lake was Micronecta haliploides. The maximum 19 aquatic insect species were reported in the lake's vegetation-rich section near the Mouchak-Moghbazar flyover (Spot 1), whereas a minimum of 5 species were found near the Modhubagh bridge road (Spot 2). Species diversity index (H′ = 2.74), species richness (SR = 8.54), aquatic insect distribution evenness (J′ = 0.80), community dominance (CD = 46.94%), and Simpson’s index (λ = 0.17) were analyzed in this study to determine the diversity, abundance, distribution and dominance of aquatic insect fauna in this lake. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50(3): 363-372, 2022