Plastic is considered one of the most indispensable commodities in our daily life. At the end of life, the huge ever-growing pile of plastic waste (PW) causes serious concerns for our environment, including agricultural farmlands, groundwater quality, marine and land ecosystems, food toxicity and human health hazards. Lack of proper infrastructure, financial backup, and technological advancement turn this hazardous waste plastic management into a serious threat to developing countries, especially for Bangladesh. A comprehensive review of PW generation and its consequences on environment in both global and Bangladesh contexts is presented. The dispersion routes of PW from different sources in different forms (microplastic, macroplastic, nanoplastic) and its adverse effect on agriculture, marine life and terrestrial ecosystems are illustrated in this work. The key challenges to mitigate PW pollution and tackle down the climate change issue is discussed in this work. Moreover, way forward toward the design and implementation of proper PW management strategies are highlighted in this study.

Objective: In standard PCNL usually placement of a double J stent and a nephrostomy tube is required.Several recent studies have reported the benefits of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Postoperatively,In standard PCNL patients have an indwelling ureteric stent placed, which is often associated with stent-related morbidity. We performed totally tubeless(without any stent or nephrostomy tube) PCNL.This study was conducted in the urology centre of Combined military Hospital,Dhaka, to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of totally tubeless PCNL and to compare with standard PCNL where both nephrostomy tube and double J stent were placed. Materials and Methods: From January 2018 to June 2019 , total 57 selected patients underwent standard or totally tubeless PCNL.In standard PCNL group, both D-J stent and nephrostomy tube were placed and Neither a nephrostomy tube nor a ureteral stent was placed in the totally tubeless PCNL group. We compared patient demographics and stone characteristics, operation time, length of hospital stay, analgesia requirements, stonefree rate, blood loss, change in creatinine, and postoperative complications between the standard and totally tubeless PCNL groups. Results: There were no significant differences in preoperative patient characteristics, postoperative complications, and the stone-free rate between the two groups, but the totally tubeless PCNL group showed a shorter hospital stay and a lesser analgesic requirement compared with the standard PCNL group. Blood loss and change in serum creatinine level were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: Totally tubeless PCNL appears to be a safe and effective alternative for the management of renal stone in selected patients and is associated with a shorter length of hospital stay and less analgesic requirement. Bangladesh J. Urol. 2021; 24(1): 53-57

Various methods have been employed for the removal of ureteric calculi all over the world. Both Ureteroscopic Pneumatic and Laser lithotripsy are popular procedures for this purpose. However proximal migration of stone fragments are not uncommon in these procedures while treating upper ureteric stones. Extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) may require to fragment those proximally migrated stones after the ureteroscopic Pneumatic or Laser lithotripsy. To compare the requirement of ESWL in the management of ureteric stone between Holmium Yag Laser and Pneumatic Lithotripsy. This study included 100 patients with upper ureteric stones who underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy at the Department of Urology, CMH, Dhaka, between October 2010 and September 2012. Laser lithotripsy was used in 50 patients (Group A), and pneumatic lithotripsy was used in the remaining 50 patients (Group B). In each case, the same ureteroscope, video monitor, baskets, or irrigation devices were used. A kidney ureter and bladder radiograph and ultrasonograph were performed on patients one month and three months after lithotripsy. Patients with migrated fragments or insufficient clearance underwent a supplementary procedure such as ESWL. Mean age was 41.9}10.9 years and 41.3}12.3 years in Group A and Group B respectively. Males were predominant in both groups. Mean stone size was 1.36 } 0.36 cm in Group A and 1.37} 0.36 cm in Group B. Complete stone clearance was 94.0% in Group A and 76.0% in Group B. EWSL requirement rate was significantly higher in Group B (24.0%) than Group A (6.0%). Peri procedural complications like hemorrhage was significantly higher in Group B and mucosal disruption/perforation was almost same in both the groups. EWSL requirement rate was comparatively higher in pneumatic lithotripsy than laser lithotripsy. BSMMU J 2022; 15(2): 111-114

Objectives : The Objectives of this study is to determine the outcome and effectiveness of Ultra-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for treating low-volume renal stone without placement of any stent and nephrostomy tube as a supplement to the conventional PCNL. Material and methods: The Patients who underwent ultra-mini PCNL bwtween July 2018 to December 2018. were studied.This was a prospective study of 14 patients.This study was carried out in urology centre of CMH Dhaka.Before the study ethical clearance was taken from hospital ethical committee. All these patients had their first-line treatment. The patients had calculus limited to either a single calyx or just extending to the pelvis and the stone size was less than 1.5 cm in its maximal dimension. The mean stone size was 10.8+_4.2(5-15mm). An 6 Fr operating nephroscope was used. The patients were placed in prone position. The stones were fragmented using Holmium-YAG laser. Various surgical outcomes including duration of the surgery, stone-free rate and any subsequent complications-if any-were analyzed.The stone free rate was assessed on the 1st day and at three month after surgery by X-ray KUB and ultrasonography. Results: The study includes a series of 14 patients (one patient treated with bilateral renal stone disease). The mean age of the patients was 39.07 years and body mass index was 25.5 kg/m2. Intrarenal stone location was as follows: lower calyx, n=7; middle calyx, n=3, upper calyx, n=1, and pelvis, n=3. Median operative time was 52.66 min (range: 40–65) and the stone-free rate was 93.3% at first day and 97% after three month follow up.. Only one patient had residual fragments and needed subsequent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Conclusion: Ultra-mini PCNL in prone position with a complete tubeless approach for renal stone disease is a safe method for treating low-volume stone disease. A long term large scale multicentre study may be required to validate this technique. Bangladesh J. Urol. 2021; 24(2): 118-123

Hydatid disease is a cyclozoonotic parasitic infestation caused by the cestodeEchinococcusgranulosus. Isolated renal involvement is extremely rare. A 58-year-old female, housewifepresented with vague abdominal pain. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed complexcyst arising from the right kidney. Computerized tomography scan of the abdomenrevealed large complex cyst arising from right kidney. Laparoscopic transperitonealcystectomy was performed. Isolated right renal hydatid cyst was removed in toto.Microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. Transperitoneallaparoscopic approach gives a better working space which helped us to remain outsideGerota’s fascia and prevent subsequent cyst rupture. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 22, No. 1, January 2019 p.103-105