Fried dietary oils often cause adverse health effects due to altered chemical and nutritional properties. In the present study with mustard oil, the effect of repeated frying (180°C for 10 min, three times) on chemical characteristics and oral intake of raw and fried mustard oil (5 g/kg for 5 weeks) in Wistar rats were investigated. Repeated frying caused oxidation reactions and free fatty acid content in mustard oil. This fried oil feeding to rats increased serum LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and decreased HDL leading to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease accounted by significant increment of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) compared with raw oil‐fed group. Higher level of serum CK‐MB and creatinine in fried oil‐fed rats indicate disrupted kidney function. Histological findings of the respective organs ascertained metabolic abnormalities due to fried oil intake. Thus, the study suggests avoidance of using repeatedly fried oils in food products for better consumer health. Practical applications Vegetable oil is a common ingredient of food products. Mustard oil is used in many countries both as raw and fried forms for various food preparations. When it is being fried at elevated temperatures in the presence of air, both thermal and oxidative decomposition take place which alter the nutritional and functional bioactive properties of the oil. The findings of the current study revealed the repeatedly fried mustard oil‐induced detrimental effects on various organs of Wistar rats. Human beings consuming repeatedly fried mustard oil regularly might also face these acute problems. Thus in context to the public health issue, it is a message to avoid in taking repeated fried oils at household cooking or food industry to maintain better health.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men and the leading cause of death for men all over the world. Early diagnosis is the key to start treatment at an early stage of PCa and to reduce the death toll. Generally, PCa expresses characteristic morphologic features and serum biomarkers; however, early diagnosis is challenging due to its heterogeneity and long-term indolent phase in the early stage. Following positive diagnosis, PCa patients receive conventional treatments including surgery, radiation therapy, androgen deprivation therapy, focal therapy, and chemotherapy to enhance survival time and alleviate PCa-related complications. However, these treatment strategies have both short and long-term side effects, notably impotence, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunctions, and recurrence of cancer. These limitations warrant the quest for novel PCa theranostic agents with robust diagnostic and therapeutic potentials to lessen the burden of PCa-related suffering. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have recently drawn attention for their symmetrical usage in the diagnosis and treatment of several cancer types. Here, we performed a systematic search in four popular online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) for the articles regarding PCa and IONPs. Published literature confirmed that the surface modification of IONPs with biopolymers and diagnostic biomarkers improved the early diagnosis of PCa, even in the metastatic stage with reliable accuracy and sensitivity. Furthermore, fine-tuning of IONPs with biopolymers, nucleic acids, anticancer drugs, and bioactive compounds can improve the therapeutic efficacy of these anticancer agents against PCa. This review covers the symmetrical use of IONPs in the diagnosis and treatment of PCa, investigates their biocompatibility, and examines their potential as PCa theranostic agents.

Vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rice bran oil, olive oil, and sunflower oil are a well-known dietary component reported by various researchers that prevents cell and tissue damages by anti-oxidant properties, atherosclerosis, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and improves cardiovascular activity, and immune functions (Lee