Background: Cancer continues to be a major health problem despite advances in medical technology for its diagnosis and treatment. Cancer of the larynx is the eleventh most common cancer in the world. Carcinoma larynx is a multifactorial disease. Smoking, betel-nut, betel-leaf chewing habit and drinking alcohol are the most important factors associated with carcinoma larynx. Objective: To find out the patterns of neck node metastases in laryngeal carcinoma. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of ENT and Head Neck Surgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) from January’ 2018 to December’ 2019. Total 100 patients diagnosed as laryngeal carcinoma with neck metastases were included in this study. Statistical analyses were carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: The mean age was found 57.8±12.7 years with range from 37 to 79 years. Males were predominant (76.0%) and females were (24.0%). Male: female ratio was 3.17:1. More than two third (68.0%) patients had supraglottis, 26.0% had glottis and 6.0% had subglottis. Supraglottic was found in 68 patients among them 27(39.7%) were T3, 18(26.5%) were T3. Glottic was found in 26 patients among them 16(61.5%) were T3, 6(23.1%) were T2, 4(15.4%) were T4a. Subglottic was found in 6 patients among them 4(66.7%) were T3 and 2(33.3%) was T2. Supraglottic was found in 68 patients among them 34(50.0%) were N1, 28(41.1%) were N2 and 6(8.8%) were N3. Glottic was found in 26 patients among them 20(76.9%) were N1 and 6(23.1%) were N2. Subglottic was found in 6 patients among them 4(66.7%) were N1 and 2(33.3%) was N2. supraglottic was found in 68 patients, among them majority 17(50.0%) patients were found in level II of neck nodes. Glottis was found in 26 patients, among them 16(61.5%) patients were found in level III of neck nodes. Subglottic found in 6 patients, among them 4(66.7%) patient was found in level IV of neck nodes. Unilateral neck node metastasis was more common 9(96.0%) than bilateral neck node metastasis 4(4.0%), out of them single neck node metastasis 84(84.0%) is more than multiple neck node metastasis 16(16.0%). Majority 46(46.0%) patients had stage III, 38(38.0%) had stage II, 10(10.0%) had stage I and 6(6.0%) had stage IV. Conclusion: Laryngeal carcinoma is a common clinical entity in otolaryngology practice. Male were more predominant and the highest age group was 51-60 years. Common clinical presentation was difficulty in swallowing and hoarseness of voice. In this study most common Laryngeal carcinoma was supraglottic in nature and majority of them were in level II. N1 was the most common pattern of neck node metastasis. Most of the neck nodes are unilateral and single. Stage III was the commonest stage of involvement. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2021; 29(1): 52-60

Background: Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure, often a life saving measure in a variety of clinical conditions. It is one of the commonest procedures carried out on the critically ill patient. The most common causes of non-malignant airway obstruction are head and severe facial trauma, cerebrovascular accident, coma, respiratory burn and presence of foreign bodies in airway etc. Tracheostomy is an increasingly utilised adjunct in the ICU management of patients. Effective tracheostomy management involved the multi-professional team in a coordinated approach. Objectives: To study the indications of tracheostomy in non-malignant disorders. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Study setting and period: Department of Otolaryngorhinology and Head- Neck surgery (Unit- 1,2,3), General Surgery, ICU, Casualty, Neurosurgery, Thoracic surgery, Burn & Plastic Surgery and relevant OPD in Dhaka Medical College Hospitalfrom6th September 2015 to 5th March 2016. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study. Fifty patients admitted to hospital, underwent tracheostomy for non-malignant factors. Purposive samplings technique was used. Detail demographic data were collected from the informant and recorded in structured case record form. Clinical examination and relevant investigation were done meticulously. All collected questionnaire checked very carefully to identify the error in the data. Data processing work consist of registration schedules, editing computerization, preparation of dummy table, analyzing and matching of data. Result: A total of 50 patients of non-malignant pathology causing airway patency loss in different ward unit of DMCH were selected. In this study, maximum numbers of patients (36%) were between 51-70 years age groups with mean age was 47.23±11.57 years. It was observed that, frequency of non-malignant aetiology for tracheostomy gradually increases with age. Study show that, 51-70 years was most frequent age group (36%). Out of 50 cases 82% were male. Present study show that socioeconomically majority patients were poor class (52%), highest percentage of patient comprised of day labourer (30%). Head trauma (12%) and cerebrovascular accidents (9%) were the most common etiological factor trauma was the major aetilogical group (50%),followed by, central drive problems or neurological disease (38%) and elective tracheostomy was done. Conclusion: Head and facial trauma, cerebrovascular accident, coma, respiratory burn and presence of foreign bodies etc. are common aetilogical factors. It was found that tracheostomy is safer alternative to intubation when a prolonged artificial airway is required. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 28(2): 157-164

Background: Salivary gland tumours are relatively uncommon and constitute 3% to 10% of all head & neck neoplasms. The majority of salivary gland tumours arise in the parotid gland. Objectives: To search the clinicopathological presentation of salivary gland tumours. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. Results: The highest incidence of benign tumors was in the 3rd and 4th decade, whereas for malignant tumor it was the 5thdecade of life. Among 47 male patients, 72.3% had benign and 27.7% cases had malignant tumours. Out of 40 female patients 45% cases had benign and 55% cases had malignant tumours. With overall male: female ratio was 1.2:1. Among parotid gland tumours 62.32% had benign and 37.68% cases had malignant tumours. Out of 12 submandibular gland tumours 41.67% cases had benign and 58.33% cases had malignant tumours. Among 35 malignant tumours, 12 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, the majority occurred in the parotid gland 10(83.3%) followed by submandibular gland 1(8.3%) and minor salivary glands 1(8.3%). Out of 11 cases reported as Adenoid cystic carcinoma, the majority involved submandibular gland 6(54.5%) followed by parotid gland 4(36.4%). Conclusion: Benign salivary gland tumours are more common than malignant ones. There is male preponderance in the incidence of salivary gland tumours. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most frequently encountered tumour among all salivary gland tumours. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 28(1): 96-102