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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. AbstractBackground: Multimorbidity among the elderly is a major public health problem in most of the developing countries, including Bangladesh, where the population is moving towards aging. Multimorbidity was defined as the co-occurrence of at least two chronic diseases in a person whether as a coincidence or not. Little attention has been paid to the study of the prevalence of multimorbidity among the elderly in Bangladesh.

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Twenty three endophytic fungi from leaf, stem and root of 0cimum basilicum (Tulshi) were isolated and purified. One of the fungi (2L-5) isolated from the leaves was fermented in a large scale and extracted with ethyl acetate. The fungal extract was found to be active against two bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. From the ethyl acetate extract two steroids, ergosterol and cerevisterol were isolated. Structures of the compounds were elucidated by high-resolution 1- and 2-D NMR spectroscopy. Key words: Ocimum basilicum, Secondary Metabolites, Endophytic fungi, Ergosterol, Cerevesterol Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. Vol.4(2) 2005 The full text is of this article is available at the Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. website

Continued strong Chinese demand for Australia's iron ore has ensured that this commodity is singularly the highest value-ranking, exported mineral commodity for this country. As a consequence, the iron ore price and the value of the Australian dollar have substantial influences on the Australian economy. In this empirical study, the aim is to investigate the long-term relationship and the strength of association between iron ore prices and the corresponding exchange rate (AUD/USD). Several assessments for unit root tests have been performed to examine whether the time series data are stationary or not, and the assessments have revealed that the results from all of the tests have confirmed both the iron ore prices and the AUD/USD exchange rates data are non-stationary in levels and stationary in first differences, being I(1) stationary. Johansen cointegration tests have been performed for examining the cointegrating relationships, and have exposed the evidence in favour of a long-term relationship between iron ore prices and the AUD/USD exchange rate. Furthermore, the stability of the relationship has been presented and, thereafter, examined the Granger causality through a vector error correction model (VECM) and a vector auto regression (VAR) test, respectively. From the Granger causality test, it is apparent that there is a one-directional causality between iron ore prices and the AUD/USD exchange rate, implying that iron ore prices generate Granger causes to the AUD/USD exchange rates whereas, conversely, the exchange rate does not have significant Granger causes on iron ore prices. However, while the structural vector auto regression (SVAR) is considered, interestingly, the impulse-response functions (IRFs) analysis revealed that owing to the shocks on AUD/USD exchange rates, iron ore prices have significant responses too, and vice versa.