Introduction Rohingya- the Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMN)- are largely characterized by a high total fertility rate (TFR) and a low contraceptive prevalence rate. This study aimed to explore the reasons behind their high fertility behavior by utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior. Data and method We adopted a cross-sectional qualitative research approach. Fifteen semi-structured, face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with the Rohingya husbands, wives, and community leaders (Majhi and Imam/Khatib) living in Camps 1 and 2 of Ukhiya Refugee Camp, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. We analyzed the qualitative data using the thematic analysis approach. Results The Muslim-majority FDMN predominantly constructed the fertility outcome as the will and order of Allah. On the one hand, the Rohingya parents highlighted various religious, political, economic, and social advantages of having more children, especially sons. On the other hand, beliefs about religious restriction, fear of side effects, and community pressure against contraception sustained the reality of the low contraceptive prevalence rate in the community. Alarmingly, the Rohingya religious leaders and mass people were found highly politically motivated to continue the practice of high fertility with a view to ’expanding the Rohingya community’ or ’to increase Muslim soldiers’, so that they may fight back and take control of their ancestors’ place in Myanmar in the future. Furthermore, these pronatalist attitudes and beliefs translated into high TFR through various high-fertility-supportive social norms and practices widely prevalent in the Rohingya community. These include child marriage, gendered division of labor, women’s subordinate nature, the Purdah system, and joint-family members’ support during childbirth and rearing. Conclusion Religion, ethnic identity, and the unique political context and experiences of the Rohingya people jointly explain their high fertility behavior. This study warrants the urgency of initiating social and behavior change communication programs to change the religiopolitically-motivated high-fertility notions that prevailed in the Rohingya community.

We report a case in which a 28-year-old infertile bilateral cryptorchoid man with decreased performance status presented to the department of urology with a mildly tender mass in right inguinal region. Both ultrasonography and Computerized axial tomography scan (CT Scan) suggested that the mass arose from right sided undescended testis and left sided testis was normal-sized intrabdominal. His serum á-fetoprotein and LDH were within normal range and only â-hCG was raised 3-fold. He was found azoospermic, his serum LH and FSH were increased but serum testosterone was reduced. The mass was removed by inguinal exploration and histopathology confirmed seminoma of testis. Orchidopexy was done on contralateral side one month after the first operation. A mass in the lower abdomen in a sexually active man with cryptorchoid testis strongly points towards the diagnosis of malignancy in the abdominal testis1. The clinician should aware of it and the urologist should do prompt removal of the tumor and orchidopexy in contralateral side in bilateral case irrespective of age. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 17, No. 2, July 2014 p.101-105