Cattle are a significant component of livestock that provides food, draft power, transportation, hides, bones, and biogas. However, they are affected by various diseases that can lead to economic losses for the farmers. This study was conducted to determine the clinical prevalence of diseases in cattle attended at the Upazilla (sub-district) Veterinary Hospital, Mirzapur, in the Tangail district during the period between January 2017 and December 2018. A total of 22,418 clinical cases of cattle were diagnosed using general, physical, clinical, and microscopic examinations, as well as other conventional laboratory procedures. The recorded clinical cases were classified into ten major diagnostic groups. Parasitic diseases (30.16%), infectious diseases (21.84%), general systemic states (20.12%), digestive disorders (18.55%), gyneco-obstetrical diseases (4.37%), and surgical cases (3.06%) were recorded as major clinical problems, with other diseases having a prevalence of less than 1% for each. Among the ten categories, the prevalence of parasitic diseases, infectious diseases, general systemic states, and digestive disorders was significantly (P < 0.001) higher. The diseases were significantly (P < 0.001) associated with cattle age, sex and season. Clinical prevalence of the diseases was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in adults (63.59%) and males (51.78%) than in young (36.40%) and females (48.22%). The summer season (40.13%) had a significantly higher prevalence of clinical diseases (P < 0.05) than the winter (33.29%) and rainy (26.58%) seasons. According to this study, a number of cattle diseases with varying percentages and factors occurred in Mirzapur Upazila. The findings may be useful in developing control strategies for the major diseases reported in this study. Appropriate strategic measures should be taken to control the diseases in the study area to minimize the farmers' production losses.