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Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) is a major problem in both developed and developing countries. In developing countries like Bangladesh, infection in surgical patients has been appearing as a serious risk due to insurgence of drug resistance. Surgical site infections (SSIs) contribute significantly to increased health care costs in terms of prolonged hospital stay and lost working days. The problem was largely unexplored in Rangpur Medical College and Hospital, Rangpur. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the bacteriological study on surgical site infections in Rangpur Medical College & Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Surgery at Rangpur Medical College Hospital. 72 patients of all ages, sex who developed surgical site infection were included through purposive sampling for observation and clinical follow up and wound swab was microbiologically evaluated. Results: Of the 72 cases, SSI developed 30.6% (22) following elective surgery and 69.4% (50) following emergency surgery. 7 cases were associated with co-morbid conditions like diabetes mellitus (2), malignancy (4) and tuberculosis (1). Most common organisms were Escherichia coli (30 /54) followed by Staphylococcous aureus (14/54), Pseudomonas (07/54) and Klebsiella (03/54).The antibiogram pattern of the organism isolated from wound swab of SSIs were analyzed with commonly used antibiotics. Resistance of Escherichia coli to Amoxycillin, Cotrimoxazole, Doxycycline and Nalidixic acid were 100%, 91.5%, 71.4% and 60.5% respectively. In case of, Staphylococcus aureus 87.5% were resistant to penicillin and Cotrimoxazole. Resistance of Pseudomonas spp. to Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime and Gentamicin were 31.2%. 6.3% and 50% respectively. In case of Klebsiella spp, it showed that 100% strains were resistant to Amoxycillin like Esch. coli but all strains were sensitive to both Ceftriaxon and Imipenem. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need for the evidence-based infection control and antibiotic prescription policies in the hospital. J Rang Med Col. September 2022; Vol. 7, No. 2:12-19

PurposeIn response to rising energy prices and growing environmental concerns, there is a growing demand for environmentally friendly building facilities. This study investigates optimizing energy consumption and improves the level of accuracy when selecting suitable materials and components with minimal impact on the overall energy consumption of buildings.Design/methodology/approachThis study was carried out from the perspective of an educational building's energy simulation, using a validated building energy analysis tool Green Building Studio (GBS). There were eight parameters analyzed considering at least two connected variables without measuring the initial building configuration. After that, Autodesk Revit and Insight 360 were used to make similar scenarios of the best performance selections so that the general results could be compared and the initial hypothesis could be proven.FindingsIn this study, the initial building analysis showed that there was an annual energy use of 139 kBtu/sf and the estimated carbon emissions were about 156 tons/yr. After the parametric analysis, the maximum energy saving was about 32.38%, considering the best performance scenario with a reduction of CO2 emissions of around 28.85%.Originality/valueThe outcome of this study will help Bangladeshi architect/designers to make appropriate decisions regarding the selection of suitable building materials and components at the initial stage of any project in terms of the energy consumption aspects. In addition, energy-efficient buildings provide cleaner combustion and better circulation than traditional buildings, that is why they reduce indoor air pollution, maintaining a safe, healthy and sustainable environment for future generations.

Background: The scalp is a unique part of the human body and various etiological factors, such as tumor extirpation, avulsion, infection, burns, or trauma, can lead to scalp defects. Primary closure, skin grafting, local flaps, tissue expansion or free tissue transfer is modalities available for scalp reconstruction. Local flap coverage is best option for full thickness loss with exposed bone. Among various local flap transposition flap is reasonable and flexible option with good outcome for scalp reconstruction. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the geometric design of transposition flap for scalp reconstruction concerning the dimension of the defect and outcome the surgery. Methods: This was a prospective observational study, conducted in the Burn & Plastic Surgery department of Rangpur medical college hospital, Rangpur and different private hospitals of Rangpur city over a period of three years from June 2018 to July 2021 through purposive sampling. All aged patients having single full thickness scalp wound with loss of pericranium were included in this study. In all cases transposition flaps were used. All the flaps were elevated through sub galeal lose areolar plane. Flap donor site was covered with split thickness skin graft taken from thigh. Surgical technique, patient factors and outcome were evaluated. Results: A total 50 patients were operated. The age range was 07-68 years, among them 36% patient were in the age range of 21 – 30 years. 80% patients in this series were male. In this series 64 % patients were construction and electric worker by profession. Electric burn was the main (64%) cause of soft tissue defect of scalp. The majority (46%) of the patients had a wound dimension of 51-70 cm2, smallest was (5x6) = 30cm2 and largest was (9x15) = 135cm2, indicating that extent of soft tissue defects in this series is quite extensive. 12 (24%) patients had complication and all were due to infection, seven patients had infection in flap recipient site, 2 patients had infection in flap donor site and 3 patients developed infection in skin donor site. There was no flap loss in our study. Conclusion: Sound knowledge of flap geometry and clear evaluation of the defect is mandatory for successful reconstruction of scalp defect. A local transposition flap with donor site skin grafting is reliable option for reconstruction of full thickness scalp defect in most instances. J Rang Med Col. September 2022; Vol. 7, No. 2:52-57