Objective To examine trends in, and projections of, the prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries at national and subpopulation levels. Methods We used nationally representative data from repeated cross-sectional Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) on 1 092 512 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) from 15 low- and middle-income countries. We defined anaemia as haemoglobin < 11 g/dL for pregnant women and < 12 g/dL for non-pregnant women. We analysed data using Bayesian linear regression analyses. Findings During 2000–2018, the prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age decreased in nine countries, with the highest decrease in Malawi (−2.5%), and increased in six countries, with the highest increase in Burundi (10.9%). All countries are projected to have a prevalence of anaemia ≥ 15% in 2025, with the highest level in Burundi (66.8%). The prevalence of anaemia and projection of prevalence varied between and within countries. Women’s education, family wealth and place of residence had the highest impact on the current and projected prevalence rates of anaemia. Seven countries had a prevalence of anaemia ≥ 40%, which we defined as a severe public health problem, in the earliest and latest DHS and this prevalence is projected to persist in 2025. Conclusion None of the 15 countries is likely to meet the global nutrition target of a 50% reduction in the prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age by 2025. Global and country leaders should reconsider nutrition policies and reallocate resources targeting countries and communities at risk.

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In this study, novel cross-shaped concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) and steel tube (ST) columns were developed. CFST columns have a high load-carrying capacity and excellent performance under seismic conditions, and the construction process is fast. In order to investigate the axial load bearings and failure mechanisms, six specimens of CFST and ST columns were tested under the axial load. Three different forms of CFST were employed in this study; one was an ordinary cross-shaped CFST (OC-CFST), while the other two were executed with significant inner changes; namely, stiffeners cross-shaped CFST (SC-CFST), and multi-cell cross-shaped CFST (MC-CFST) filled with concrete. The other group has the same OC-ST, SC-ST, and MC-ST, but these test subjects were without filled concrete. Through discussion of the failure mechanism, load displacement and load strain correlations are determined. The effects of parameters on ultimate resistance, failure pattern, and ductility index were studied. The axial load-carrying performance of the cross-shaped CFST columns was 75–80% better than that of ST columns; and each ST column displayed cooperative behavior. The finite element model (FEM) was simulated, and the outcomes of the experiments were used to validate it. The load–displacement relationships were established using parametric analysis. Existing design standards were used to calculate CFST column loading capacity. Finally, mathematical formulas were improvised to determine the ultimate load of the cross-shaped CFST column.