Abstract-Demand response is an important demand-side resource that allows consumers to consume less electricity when the system is under stress. Existing demand response mechanism reduces power consumption by forcefully shutting down the consumers' loads or punishing the consumers with high consumption prices during high peak hours without considering their comfort level. This paper presents a methodology to design a model for domestic load management based on fuzzy logic techniques where three optimization parameters -comfort, cost and demand response are taken into account. Furthermore a comparative analysis for the power consumption and cost saving performance is carried out to show the benefit of using renewable energy sources along with a fuzzy logic based load controller. Simulation results show that the proposed controller successfully limits the power consumption during the peak hours and concurrently maximizes the savings of energy consumption cost without violating consumers' comfort level.

To mitigate the fast-growing demand of electrical energy, the use of renewable energy resources, e.g., solar and wind, can offer an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution. Due to their intermittent nature, the grid connected operation of renewable energy resources provides a better performance compared to the standalone operation. However, the massive penetration of power electronic inverter/converter-interfaced renewable resources in power systems introduces new issues, such as voltage and frequency instabilities, because of their inherent low inertia properties. As a consequence, these issues may lead to serious problems, such as system blackouts. Therefore, there is an immediate demand to solve these new issues and ensure the normal performance of the power system with the large penetration of renewable energy resources. To achieve this, grid connected inverters/converters are designed to address these problems and behave as synchronous generators, which is possible with grid forming (GFM) inverters/converters concepts. This paper reviews the recent advancement of GFM converters for solving emerging issues related to the renewable rich power grids. It also provides a comprehensive review on frequency deviations and power system stability issues in low-inertia systems and recent advancements in control methods for harmonic mitigation. It is expected that this paper will help the research community to enhance the technology further to solve the challenges in renewable rich power grids.

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Blended edible oils were formulated to enrich fatty acid profile with balance fatty acid ratio. Indigenous Rice Bran Oil (RBO) and Mustard Seed Oil (MO) were mixed in the ratio of 60:40, 70:30 and 90:10 (RBO:MO). Moisture content, density, specific gravity, refractive index, viscosity, free fatty acid, acid value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter and peroxide value of the single vegetable oils and their blends were determined. Fatty acid composition such as Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA), Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA), Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) of all oils were analyzed by GCMS. GCMS analysis of rice bran oil identified 6 fatty acids with ratio SFA:

Micro-Grid (MG), a paradigm shift in conventional distribution power systems, facilitates the integration of many Renewable Energy Resources (RERs), storage units, and loads. The key catalyst behind this emerging paradigm is the increased attention to environment-energy sustainability nexus. This novel concept exhibits various attractive features such as sustainability, reliability, resilience, improved power quality, energy security, and liberalization of electric service industries. However, the integration of RER units and load participation into the MG brings various challenges to the stability and operation of the system. These challenges arise as a consequence of the intermittent nature of RERs due to their stochastic behavior and increased level of non-linearity associated with smart load participation. Furthermore, in recent years, the development and deployment of RER in MG networks have demonstrated exponential growth. Therefore, in order to achieve a holistic analysis, a comprehensive review study about various aspects of MG should be investigated. In this regard, this rigorous survey paper presents the meticulous study of various aspects, historical evolution, and key enabling yet transdisciplinary technologies of MG, such as various components, generation resources, load classification, communication infrastructure, energy management, control and optimization, operational modes, and various frameworks, configurations, architectures, and topologies-including the emerging concept of Networked MG with flexible boundaries. This study also reviewed various storage and protection systems in MG, considering the attention to their contributions to the stability of the system. This review also underscores many key issues, challenges, and factors related to the sustainable development of the MG system. Lastly, an all-inclusive cross-sectoral analysis that includes cyber-physical systems, power quality, information and data management, conversion systems, synthetic inertia, and some governance issues has been provided, along with the future directions, progression, and latest development in the field of MG. This survey, therefore, greatly assists and enables researchers to study and analyze the development and prospect of MG technology conveniently.INDEX TERMS Micro-grid architectures, communications technology, load classification, power generation resources, storage technology.The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Alexander Micallef .