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In October 2016, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted mandatory fuel data reporting requirements by amending Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. Before the adoption of the IMO Data Collection System (IMO DCS), the European Union (EU) introduced a regulation requiring monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions from ships as an initial step to inform further action. This regulation enabled the EU to include greenhouse gas emissions from shipping as a part of their collective climate change strategy, known as the EU MRV system. This article analyses the EU MRV system and the IMO DCS against standards of transparency and answerability. It argues that whilst neither the EU MRV system nor the IMO DCS promotes optimal transparency or answerability, the EU MRV represents a framework that comes closer to promoting answerability through transparency.

Over the years a large set of international conventions have been adopted under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization for prevention of vessel-source marine pollution. However, most of developing countries failed to effectively implement these conventions. Against this backdrop, this article aims to assess the inherent suitability of the MARPOL Convention for implementation in developing countries. It also examines the role of global community for effective implementation of the MARPOL Convention and identifies the legal and institutional bottlenecks in the current implementation regime.