We conclude our review that the spread of the dengue outbreak was facilitated by the community's ignorance and sloth, as well as government authorities. People, religious scholars, leaders, and government organisations, on the other hand, were not organised to participate in dengue prevention and eradication, which raised the risk of infection in the community. For the implementation of preventative policies, the report advises organising local communities and activating local leadership with the active engagement of government and non-government groups.

Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has led to psychological distress among healthcare workers. We aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and insomnia severity among various occupational categories of frontline HCWs in COVID-19 treatment settings in Kathmandu, Nepal. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional web-based study was conducted over some time of 3 months from March to June 2021 among the frontline healthcare workers in Kathmandu, Nepal. An electronic survey link was sent via email and other social messaging sites and was requested to fill a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic information along with the Generalized Severity Disorder (GAD-7) and Insomnia Severity Index. Results: Out of 200 participants, most the respondents 87 (43.5%) had no anxiety disorder. 67 (33.5%) participants had mild levels of anxiety, 25 (12.5%) had moderate anxiety and 21 (10.5%) had severe anxiety. More than half participants (109, 54.5%) had no clinically significant insomnia. Subthreshold insomnia was seen in 63 (31.5%), clinical insomnia (Moderate) was seen in 23 (11.5%) and 5 (2.5%) of study participants had clinical insomnia (Severe). Conclusion: Due to the Covid-19 pandemic mental well-being of frontline HCWs is affected.

The study's objective was to assess the effect of type of mask wear and duration, including short-term wear of mask on TBUT. This was a cross-sectional, comparative study. A total of 90 subjects were categorized into three groups, each comprising 30 subjects. Either the groups were given a surgical, cloth, or N95 masks to wear. Baseline TBUT was collected after 30 mins without mask wear; subsequently after 1 min of mask wear and after every 30 mins for 3.5 hours among all the three groups. TBUT changes within the groups and between the groups were compared using Friedman ANOVA and the Kruskal Wallis test. TBUT was stable among N95 wearers for first 30 minutes and declined among cloth & surgical mask users. A continuous significant difference was evident only from 2 hours among surgical and cloth mask users and at 3.5 hours within N95 users. N95 wearers have a higher TBUT, and surgical having the least. Surgical mask wears significantly influence tear film stability, followed by cloth mask wear because of air leak from nose wire. TBUT is minimally affected by N95 wear.