Mastitis is one of the diseases that cause economic losses worldwide due to the reduction in milk yield and the high treatment costs in dairy buffaloes. Although antibiotics are the mainstay treatment for this disease, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in animals and humans. Hence, this study aims to review and assess the available literature on bubaline mastitis in Asia. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was higher in dairy buffaloes than in clinical mastitis, especially in Pakistan. Bubaline mastitis was commonly detected using the California mastitis test, surf field mastitis test, somatic cell count, and bacterial culture. In Asia, farm management and host factors were the primary causes of bubaline mastitis risk factors. Mastitis in buffaloes caused alterations in milk composition, such as increasing lactose levels, somatic cell count, and the presence of bacteria in the milk. However, protein, fat, and solid non-fat level variations were also affected by other factors such as the stage of lactation, breed, and age. The most prevalent isolated bacteria in bubaline mastitis milk samples were coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Escherichia coli. Most showed high resistance toward penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and streptomycin. The antimicrobial susceptibility of causative agents in Asia varies depending on the usage of common antibiotics to treat bubaline mastitis in each country. This review will help to understand bubaline mastitis better, although studies are limited in many Asian countries.

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Swamp buffaloes are mostly raised under an extensive system because they can adapt to the harsh environment. However, exploring the rumen mucosa (RM) morphology and volatile fatty acids (VFA) of swamp buffalo associated with different production systems is still lacking. This study evaluated the rumen VFA and morphology of RM between two groups of buffalo raised under semi-intensive (SI) and an extensive system (EX). VFA was analysed using gas chromatography. The morphology of rumen mucosa was evaluated macro and microscopically for papillae length and width, surface area, density, and muscle thickness, and the microscopic evaluation for stratified squamous epithelium (SSE) and keratin thickness. SI has a greater VFA concentration than the EX. The SSE layer on the dorsal region of the rumen was thicker in the EX group than in the SI group (p≤0.05). Within the group, the SSE of the dorsal region of rumen was thicker than the ventral region (p≤0.05) in the EX group. However, the ventral region of the rumen was thicker than the dorsal region in the SI group. The thickness of the keratin layer in the EX group was significantly thicker than the SI group (p≤0.05) only on the dorsal region. In conclusion, swamp buffalo from the SI production system has a greater concentration of volatile fatty acid than the EX-group contributed by feeding management under a semi-intensive system. Nevertheless, the advantage in VFA concentration alone is not sufficient to conclude semi-intensive production system exerts a favourable effect on the morphology of the rumen mucosa.

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