Purpose Although pediatric cataract surgery has become standardized and safe, further surgical interventions are not uncommon. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence of complications in children who required an intraocular intervention. Methods A retrospective review of medical records of children (o7 years) with cataract who underwent cataract surgery with or without primary posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) placement between January 2006 and December 2014 was carried out. Data were collected regarding visual axis opacification (VAO), glaucoma, IOL decentration, intraocular infections, and other indications that required a second intraocular surgery. Results Out of 814 (570 pseudophakic and 244 aphakic) eyes of 620 operated children, 45 eyes of 40 children (5.5%, 45/814) needed a second surgery. The most common indication being VAO (2.9%, 24/814), followed by glaucoma (0.73%, 6/814). Incidence of complications was higher in children o1 year (VAO 6.1%, 19/308 and glaucoma 6%, 6/308). Among all children, repeat interventions and VAO were slightly less frequent in pseudophakics (4.91%, 28/570) vs aphakics (6.91%, 17/244) (P = 0.31). As VAO was more common in pseudophakic eyes in infants, glaucoma was equally common in both groups. Best-corrected visual acuity improved from 1.6 ± 0.56 LogMAR preoperatively to 0.80 ± 0.50 LogMAR postoperatively. Conclusions Our study suggests that overall incidence of second intraocular surgery is low after primary pediatric cataract surgery. VAO remains the most common indication followed by secondary glaucoma. Incidence of complications is higher in children o1 year of age at initial surgery.

Objective: To know the demography and clinical profile of patients of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) presented in the out-patient department of regional institute of ophthalmology (RIO), IGIMS Patna, Bihar over a period of 1 year from May 2017 to April 2018. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study done on diagnosed patients of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Out of total 25344 OPD patients, 1267patients were in age group of 1-25 years and either sex. Out of which 240 patients were included in this study had diagnosis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) on the basis of their history, symptoms and clinical findings. Detailed history was taken from each patient including age at the onset of the disease, gender of the patient, any seasonal variations, his/her place of residence, any associated allergic or "atopic" illnesses. Thorough examination was done to find out visual acuity, condition of cornea, limbus, bulbar, palpebral conjunctiva and associated complications. Results: Out of 240 patients, VKC was more common in male (86.66%) than female (13.33%) patients with maximum cases seen between 6-10 years of age. Majority of cases reported in summer in the month of May and June. Palpebral form was predominant among all that is around 174(72.5%) cases followed by mixed 50(20.83%) and Limbal form 16 (6.66%). Most common symptom was itching (100%) seen in almost all cases. Palpebral papillae were commonest sign. Associated allergic conditions were found in 16 (6.66%) patients. Conclusion:Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a recurrent bilateral disorder in which both IgE and cell mediated immunity play important roles. It primarily affects boys and onset is generally from about age of 5 years onwards and resolves around puberty. The clinical course of this disease is usually benign and self-limiting, with vision in most children remains normal but sight threatening complications may manifest if cornea gets involved. Few cases showed history of atopy and other allergic conditions. VKC is one of the leading causes of outpatient ophthalmic morbidity.