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OBJECTIVES:We sought to identify effective responses to parents' questions and concerns about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. METHODS:In 2017-2018, we surveyed a national sample of 1196 US parents of children aged 9 to 17 years. We recorded brief videos of a pediatrician providing messages that addressed 7 HPV vaccination topics that commonly elicit questions or concerns (eg, recommended age). We randomly assigned parents to 1 of the message topics; parents then viewed 4 videos on that topic in random order and evaluated the messages. RESULTS:Parents were more confident in HPV vaccine when they were exposed to messages that addressed lack of knowledge about HPV vaccine (b = 0.13; P = .01), messages that included information about cancer prevention (b = 0.11; P < .001), messages that required a higher reading level (b = 0.02; P = .01), and messages that were longer (b = 0.03; P < .001). Parents were less confident in HPV vaccine when exposed to messages in which urgency was expressed (b = −0.06; P = .005). Analyses conducted by using HPV vaccine motivation as an outcome revealed the same pattern of findings. CONCLUSIONS:We provide research-tested messages that providers can use to address parents' HPV vaccination questions and concerns about 7 common topics. Important principles for increasing message effectiveness are to include information on the benefits of vaccination (including cancer prevention) and avoid expressing urgency to vaccinate when addressing parents' questions or concerns. Additionally, providers may need to be prepared to have longer conversations with parents who express concerns about HPV vaccine, especially regarding safety and side effects. abstract NIH

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Entertainment-education (EE) projects combine entertainment and education to increase knowledge, shift attitudes and promote social change using a range of communication platforms including theatre, radio, television, games, social media and others. Theoretical understanding regarding the underlying mechanisms of this creative communication approach developed alongside evidence and best practices for designing, implementing and evaluating interventions using techniques that reflect the current state of the field. Recent best practices often utilize participatory methods, a bottom-up approach wherein researchers work with stakeholders to identify culturally relevant indicators of change and gather information about the assets and needs of affected communities. Despite calls in the literature for reporting on participatory processes for health communication, a synthesis of such methods specific to EE has yet to emerge in the published literature. This comprehensive search reviews participatory best practices specifically used for the development and implementation of EE interventions with a wide range of behaviour and social change objectives. Findings suggest utilizing participatory research methods provide unique opportunities for inquiry aligned with current theory and evidence for both EE interventions and across other creative communication strategies. Implications include programmes produced by and with an audience as opposed to for an audience.