Introduction: A material-associated non-anastomotic aneurysm after previous use of a vascular prosthesis for arterial reconstruction mostly in peripheral arterial occlusion disease (PAOD) is considered a rare but serious complication. Aim & method:The aim of the compact short review was -based on selected topic-related references from the medical literature as -to describe the rare finding of prosthetic non-anastomotic aneurysm and its diagnosisspecific care. Results (complex patient-& clinical finding-associated corner points):Twenty articles were finally evaluated out of initially 321 references found in the literature search, which had been published since 1995. Most frequently, pseudoaneurysms of knitted polyester prostheses at the femoro-popliteal segment occurred after approximately 12.9 years in average. In one third of cases, two or more non-anastomotic aneurysms of Dacron prostheses were described. Histological and electron-microscopic investigations revealed mainly breakings of filaments and foreign body reactions. In more than half of the patients, the non-anastomotic aneurysm was resected and for reconstruction, a novel vascular prosthesis used as inter-positioned vascular segment was implanted. Complete removal of the prosthesis and endovascular therapy were only 2nd choice. Conclusion:Development of prosthetic non-anastomotic aneurysms has not been satisfyingly clarified yet. It belongs to the late complication profileeven it occurs rarely -and should be controlled after a postoperative interval of approximately one decade if the arterial recanalization/reconstruction was performed using prosthetic material after previously -in the sequential approach -endovascular intervention and venous bypass could not be used.