Microalbuminuria is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and renal out- come in a patient with Type 2 diabetes. The evidence that intensive glycemic control reduces the microvascular complications of diabetes is based almost exclusively on prevention of micro- albuminuria. To evaluate the association between microalbuminuria and glycemic control and other factors in Type 2 diabetes, we studied retrospectively 551 patients with Type 2 diabetes. The patients were divided into two groups: 175 patients with microalbuminuria in the case group and 376 with normal urine albumin-creatinine ratio in the control group. Our data indicated that there was a significant association between the uncontrolled glycemia and development of microalbuminuria and that was more obvious if HbA1c level was >11%. Our data also indicate that there was a statistical significant association between male gender, age, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels, and the microalbuminuria in crude odds ratios (ORs). We conclude that there was a clear association between the glycemic control and microalbuminuria, and microalbuminuria was associated with older age, male gender, and systolic and DBP in crude ORs.

Objectives:To describe the level of knowledge about breast cancer screening and breast cancer risk factors according to sociodemographic characteristics and to know the most common source of their knowledge among the females participating in this study.Patients and Methods:A cross-sectional descriptive study conducted through distributing validated pretested Arabic questionnaire. The sample are Saudi adult females age 18–55 years attending the Family Medicine Department at Security Forces Hospital for healthcare services or accompanying patients.Results:Of 384 participants, 57% were aware that lump or thickening in the breast could be a sign of breast cancer and 68% knew bleeding or discharge from nipple as a warning sign of breast cancer. Fortunately, 291 women (75.8%) have a good knowledge about breast cancer risk factors, and only 93 women (24.4%) have poor knowledge. Regarding knowledge about the screening of breast cancer, 60.9% knew breast self-examination and clinical breast examination (CBE) are the methods of early detection of breast cancer. About 53.1% of women have heard about CBE.Conclusion:All the participants showed sufficient knowledge about the risk factors and symptoms of breast cancer but insufficient knowledge about screening methods. These findings are encouraging for public awareness about how to screen themselves and guidance to health authorities for developing effective breast healthcare programs in the entire Kingdom for the all-female population.

Aim: To estimate the Helicobacter pylori prevalence and patients’ characteristics in primary health care in security forces hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study, using a fecal H. pylori antigen, is including adults (14-64 years) in the duration from 18 March 2018 to 18 April 2018 on Saudi male and female visiting Primary care center in Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results: The study came up with H. pylori prevalence is significantly correlated with age for those below 20 years and more than 50 years (P-value = 0.022 and 0.016, respectively) but with no correlation with the patient's sex. Conclusion: In conclusion, overall prevalence of H. pylori is low among primary healthcare patients, which is 10.2% and it is correlated to younger age <20 years old and elderly >50 years old.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that is characterized by distortion in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and involves hyperglycemia. DM has different types. Several complications are associated with diabetes including diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR can further results in bad outcomes that can be avoided by early diagnosis and management. Aim: The aim of this paper is to assess the awareness and knowledge level about DR among type 2 DM patients in primary health care in security forces hospital. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on Saudi patients with type 2 DM who visited primary health care in security forces hospital. Results: This study included 174 participants, with equal male to female ratio was 1:1, there were 64.9% participants who reported controlled blood glucose level, and 47.1% reported that eye was affected by diabetes. There were 82.8% participants who had awareness about DR; the level of awareness differs significantly with sex ( P value = 0.04) and the level of DM control ( P value = 0.02). Conclusion: There was high level of knowledge regarding DR; however, there were few percent of participants who had no awareness and still at risk.

Background: Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited and complex multifactorial disease that can lead to early onset of coronary artery disease (CAD). Diagnosis, treatment, and management of FH require a well-trained physician with high awareness of the disease and different risk factors to avoid complications. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated family physicians’ awareness and knowledge of FH using self-administered questionnaires in governmental hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during 2018. Results: A total of 225 family physicians completed the questionnaire, with a response rate of 58.4%. The mean age of respondents was 31.3 years and more than 59.1% were men. Although 72.4% of physicians rated their familiarity with FH as average and above, 48.4% of all participants had poor FH knowledge, while only 51.6% had acceptable FH knowledge. About 65.8% of physicians reported that they routinely take a detailed family history, perform a physical examination, and screen close relatives. Awareness of various clinical algorithms for diagnosis of patients with FH was very low at 52.0%. The mean FH knowledge and familiarity scores were significantly higher ( P < 0.001) among participants who were older, had higher training levels, or longer years in practice. Conclusions: The current study revealed significant deficits in FH familiarity, awareness, knowledge, and practice among Saudi physicians. FH educational programs directed at all physicians involved in FH patients’ management are necessary to improve physicians’ knowledge of all aspects of FH management, including the importance of a mechanism for identifying people at risk for a genetic condition by a process of systematic family tracing.