In this study, polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration was used in edible oil wastewater emulsion treatment. The PA-TFC membrane was characterized using mechanical, thermal, chemical, and physical tests. Surface morphology and cross-sections of TFCs were characterized using SEM. The effects of edible oil concentrations, average droplets size, and contact angle on separation efficiency and flux were studied in detail. Purification performance was enhanced using activated carbon as a pre-treatment unit. The performance of the RO unit was assessed by chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and permeate flux. Oil concentration in wastewater varied between 3000 mg/L and 6000 mg/L. Oily wastewater showed a higher contact angle (62.9°) than de-ionized water (33°). Experimental results showed that the presence of activated carbon increases the permeation COD removal from 94% to 99%. The RO membrane filtration coupled with an activated carbon unit of oily wastewater is a convenient hybrid technique for removal of high-concentration edible oil wastewater emulsion up to 99%. Using activated carbon as an adsorption pre-treatment unit improved the permeate flux from 34 L/m2hr to 75 L/m2hr.

Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is found in all surface waters. An increase in the amount of NOM over the past 10-20 years has been observed in raw water supply in many areas in Egypt, which has had a significant impact on drinking water treatment. Water scarcity and the increased contamination of drinking water has led to increased doses of coagulants and disinfectants used in water treatment, which has led to increased sludge volume and the production of harmful residual byproducts. In this paper, the results of experiments using an experimental model carried out to investigate improving the removal efficacy of NOM using a natural coagulant, such as chitosan, along with alum, are presented. The results show the use of chitosan is effective in removing NOM and reducing algae and turbidity. In addition, a dose of chitosan added to alum successfully reduced the amount of alum needed in the purification process.

Abstract-The study examines the irrigation water quality for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014. The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012 Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results, such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water criteria.Index Terms-East South EL-Kantra Canal, agriculture wastewater, reuse, salinity, irrigation. I. INTRODUCTIONWater quality and quantity are continuously degraded due to climatic changes and the increased demands for different water uses especially in agricultures practices. Moreover, cultivated land productivity is connected with soil and irrigation water quality [1]- [3]. Normally, investigation of irrigation water quality should focus on salt content, sodium concentration, the occurrence of nutrients and trace elements such as alkalinity, hardness of the water and acidity. Irrigation water quality is a major issue to insure safely produced plants. Water quality for agricultural purposes is measured according to the effect of water on the quality and yield of the crops as well as the effect on soil behavior [4]. The salinity, water infiltration, toxicity and miscellaneous are the commonly problems encountered soil fertility [5], [6]. Manuscript received February 26, 2018; revised May 27, 2018. Mohamed Gabr is with Civil Engineering Department, High Institute for Engineering and Technology, New Damietta, Egypt (e-mail: m_egabr@yahoo.com).Medhat El-Zahar was with Port Said University, 42523, Port Said, Egypt. He is now with the Department of Civil Engineering, Giza Engineering Institute, El-moneb, Giza, Egypt (e-mail: medhat.elzahar@gei.edu.eg, melzahar@yahoo.com).Normally, better irrigation management provide the use of high salt concentration water without risking soil productivity.Furthermore, the increase in salinity of fresh ...

The adsorption of direct blue 78 dye with a commercial (DB78) from synthetic wastewater using a pure chitosan powder and chitosan micro-beads has been studied. The ability of chitosan as a bio-adsorbent to remove dyes from textile wastewater effluent has been investigated in detail. This study aims to achieve the highest removal efficiency with a lower contact and sedimentation time of direct blue dye using chitosan particles enhanced with polyacrylamide polymer. A series of batch experiments were conducted in terms of adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH. The chitosan particles were characterized by physicochemical analysis namely; FTIR and Zeta potential analysis. It was found that the net surface charge was + 6.52 mv and + 28.77 mv respectively for pure chitosan powder and chitosan micro-beads. The adsorption tests showed that the removal efficiency increases with increasing adsorbent dosage and contact time. Removal efficiency decreases at the high initial concentration of direct blue 78 dye. The maximum capacities for removal of dyes were achieved up to 94.2% with an initial concentration of 50 mg/l and pure chitosan dose of 4.5 g/L and an optimal contact time of 60 minutes. Furthermore, the sedimentation time for chitosan powder decreases from 8 hours to 10 minutes by using a polyacrylamide gel dose of 45 mL/L of synthetic wastewater. Studies have shown that equilibrium data followed Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm closely, but the latter isotherm better suited the results with R2 = 0.997. These results revealed that the use of pure chitosan powder enhanced with adding polyacrylamide gel is an effective adsorbent for the removal of direct blue 78 dye. The removal efficiency is considered high with a low adsorbent dose compared to using pure chitosan micro-beads.