NNS and oral sucrose can provide analgesic effects and need to be given before painful procedures as brief as a one-minute IM injection. Sucrose orally administered two minutes before injection more effectively reduced newborns' pain during injection than NNS. Both nonpharmacological methods more effectively relieved newborns' pain, stabilized physiological parameters, and shortened cry duration during IM hepatitis injection than routine care.

No abstract

AB STRACT: The pur pose of this study was to iden tify the vari ables related to qual ity of life in the pop u la tion of indi vid u als liv ing with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Tai wan. Pur pos ive sam pling was used to iden tify sub jects from the out pa tient depart ments (OPD) of three teach ing hos pi tals and one sex u ally trans mit ted dis ease (STD) clinic in the Tai pei area. For this study, the ques tion naire included a demo graphic data sheet, phys i cal-symptom dis tress and mood-disturbance scales, a per sonal-resource ques tion naire (PRQ85-II) and a qual ity-of-life index (QLI). A total of 114 sub jects com pleted the ques tion naire. The results revealed that higher qual ity of life was asso ci ated with less mood dis tur bance (r = -.72; p < .001), reduced phys i cal-symptom dis tress (r = -.47; p < .001), and higher lev els of social sup port (r = .57; p < .001). PLWHA life qual ity was reflected accu rately by mood dis tur bance, social sup port, phys i cal-symptom dis tress, self-perceived mode of HIV trans mis sion, and major source of finan cial sup port. These vari ables accounted for 60.9% of QOL vari ance. As mood dis tur bance was the stron gest pre dic tor of qual ity of life, psychosocial inter ven tion for mood dis tur bance should be empha sized and devel oped in future stud ies.Key Words: HIV/AIDS, qual ity of life, phys i cal symp tom dis tress, mood dis tur bance, so cial sup port.

How nurses take care of the preterm infants influences their responses to care-giving stimuli. To interact better with the infant during care-giving procedures, nurses need to provide more supportive care-giving behaviours especially 'position support' and 'containment' based on the infant's needs, and avoid care-giving that may be too rough and occur too quickly without attending the baby's stressful signals, positioning the baby in hyperextension posture, or chatting with other people during procedures.