Fusion splicing photonic crystal fibers and conventional single-mode fibers: Microhole collapse effect, J Lightwave Technol 25 (2007), 3563-3574. 21. B.D. Tiburcio, G.M. Fernandes, and A.N. Pinto, Extremely smallcore photonic crystal fiber fusion splicing with a single-mode fiber, ABSTRACT: The advent of erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) has revolutionized optical communication in the past few decades. Traditionally, it was being used with relatively high bitrates system for amplification in the optical domain. The slow gain response of EDFA is inherently resistant to transient effects from bit rate and duty cycle variations in high bit rate optical systems. We investigate the transient effects of EDFA on low bitrate systems with variable duty cycle and pump power configurations. Also, the effect of transients in WDM multirate systems has been investigated. The work is supported with both simulation and experimental results. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:352-356, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.

Abstract-This paper mathematically models the operation of Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) based multiplexer (mux) and demultiplexer (demux) used in optical networks. In WDM networks, the optical mux and demux play a crucial role of managing the aggregation and segregation of wavelengths for networking applications. A simple and intuitive model of AWG based mux design is discussed in this work. This model assumes that the device is linear, in which the principle of superposition is valid, and the primary emphasis is given to the optical power gain of the individual wavelengths. By using this model, one can exactly estimate the individual and overall power associated with each of the multiplexed wavelengths. The developed model was evaluated with experimental results using AWG based multiplexers. The experiments were repeated for different test cases with various power input levels and multiplexer configurations. It was found that the developed model provided a good approximation to the actual AWG mux/demux.

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Optical multiplexing is the art of combining multiple optical signals into one to make full use of the immense bandwidth potential of an optical channel. It can perform additional roles like providing redundancy, supporting advanced topologies, reducing hardware and cost, etc. The idea is to divide the huge bandwidth of optical fiber into individual channels of lower bandwidth, so that multiple access with lower-speed electronics is achieved. This chapter focuses on one of the most common and important optical multiplexing techniques, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The chapter begins with a quick historical account of the origin of optical communication and its exponential growth following the invention of erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) leading to the widespread adoption of WDM. Alternate multiplexing schemes are also briefly discussed, including time-division multiplexing (TDM), space-division multiplexing (SDM), etc. A typical WDM link and its components are then discussed with special focus on WDM Mux/demultiplexer (DeMux). Further, certain challenges in this field are addressed along with some potential solutions. The chapter concludes by highlighting some features and limitations of optically multiplexed WDM systems.

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