Background One of the most confusing and difficult aspects of complete denture prosthodontics is the selection of appropriately sized maxillary anterior denture teeth. Various guidelines have been suggested for determining the size of anterior teeth, but different opinions have been reported regarding their significance. In the study reported here, the relationships between facial measurements and the width of maxillary anterior teeth in two ethnic groups, namely Aryans and Mongoloids, were determined. Objective The aims of the study were to determine the inner inter-canthal distance (ICAD), inter-pupillary distance (IPD), inter-commissural width (ICOW), inter-alar width (IAW), and the combined width of maxillary anterior teeth (CW) in Aryans and Mongoloids and to determine the relationships between these measurements. Materials and methods Impressions of the teeth of 170 dentulous subjects (85 males and 85 females) were made with alginate then Type IV gypsum product was poured in. Measurements of the cast maxillary anterior teeth at their widest dimension (contact areas) were made with the Boley gauge. ICAD, IPD, ICOW, and IAW distances were also measured with a Boley gauge. Results For all 170 subjects, 85 Aryans and 85 Mongoloids, Pearson’s correlation coefficient ( r ) for IAW, IPD, ICOW, ICAD, and CW was calculated. In Aryans, highly significant ( P <0.001) but weak correlations were found between CW and IAW, IPD, and ICOW. In Mongoloids, a highly significant ( P <0.001) and weak correlation was found only between CW and IPD. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the IAW, IPD, and ICOW for Aryans and IPD for Mongoloids can be used as a preliminary method for determining the width of the maxillary anterior teeth in edentulous patients.

Introduction: One of the most important aspects of aesthetic dentistry while restoring or replacing maxillary anterior teeth is the creation of harmonious proportion between the widths of them. The appearance of anterior teeth is criti­cal for an attractive face and pleasing smile. The dimensional determination of maxillary anterior teeth is an important factor for both, esthetic and function. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 140 dentate subjects. Out of the 140 subjects, 70 (50%) were males and 70 (50%) were females. The age of the patients in this study ranged from 18 to 50 years. Maxillary impressions of selected subjects were made with an irreversible hydrocolloid impression material. The mesiodistal width of the maxillary anterior teeth was measured from the casts with a Boley gauge. Results: The mean width ratios were 0.83 for right LI/CI and 0.85 for left LI/CI, 1.12 for right CN/LI and 1.1 for left CN/LI in total population. The mean width ratios in male group were 0.83 for right LI/CI and 0.87 for left LI/CI, 1.14 for right CN/ LI and 1.1 for left CN/LI. Similarly, in female group the mean width ratios were 0.82 for right LI/CI and 0.83 for left LI/CI, 1.1 for right CN/LI and 1.1 for left CN/LI. Conclusion: In the evaluation of LI/CI, CN/LI, WLRs golden proportion was not found in left and right for both sexes.

Background: Knowledge about the type & position of mental foramen is very much important landmark for dentists to perform any surgical procedure in the vicinity of mental foramen. The pur­pose of this study was to determine the most frequently occurring type & position of the mental foramen in Chitwan population using digital Panoramic Radiograph. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 500 (250 Male& 250 Female) digital panoramic radiograph which were collected from the department of Oral Medicine & Radi­ology. The type & position of Mental Foramen was analysed with Dicom viewer. The data obtained was statistically analyzed by with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS Version 20. Result: The most common type of mental foramen was Type 3 (diffuse with a distinct border of the foramen) & the test showed significant difference by gender. The most common position of mental foramen was position 4 (in line with second premolar) followed by position 3 (Between the first & second premolar) with no significant difference with gender with p-value <0.05. Conclusions: This study shows that the most frequent appearance of mental foramen lies in the line of second premolar. So this finding is used as a guide line in Chitwan population to perform various type of dental surgical procedure safely in mental foramen region but the accurate radio­graphic identification of mental foramen is paramount.

Background: Knowledge about the type & position of mental foramen is very much important landmark for dentists to perform any surgical procedure in the vicinity of mental foramen. The pur­pose of this study was to determine the most frequently occurring type & position of the mental foramen in Chitwan population using digital Panoramic Radiograph. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 500 (250 Male& 250 Female) digital panoramic radiograph which were collected from the department of Oral Medicine & Radi­ology. The type & position of Mental Foramen was analysed with Dicom viewer. The data obtained was statistically analyzed by with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS Version 20. Result: The most common type of mental foramen was Type 3 (diffuse with a distinct border of the foramen) & the test showed significant difference by gender. The most common position of mental foramen was position 4 (in line with second premolar) followed by position 3 (Between the first & second premolar) with no significant difference with gender with p-value <0.05. Conclusions: This study shows that the most frequent appearance of mental foramen lies in the line of second premolar. So this finding is used as a guide line in Chitwan population to perform various type of dental surgical procedure safely in mental foramen region but the accurate radio­graphic identification of mental foramen is paramount.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency exists as a common problem among population worldwide. The deficient vitamin D level leads to direct impact on various normal functioning of human body systems. It has been observed in few studies that decreased circulating concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. The possible reason behind such occurrence is due to the direct effect of vitamin D on glucose metabolism. Vitamin D exerts influences on activity of pancreatic β-cell function from where insulin is secreted. In addition, the patients suffering from low vitamin D status show insulin resistance. These affected individuals with low vitamin D status exhibits impaired markers of glucose metabolism such as glycosylated hemoglobin. So, researchers have found vitamin D deficiency to correlate with type-2 diabetes and 80 % of obese adults suffering from vitamin D insufficiency state. In spite of such crucial significance, the correlative studies related to vitamin D status and type-2 diabetes still remains obscure in eastern region of Nepal. Objective: We aimed to investigate status of vitamin D among type-2 diabetics and analyze its possible correlation. Methodology: In the present study which was hospital-based and cross sectional one, antecubital venous blood samples were collected from patients (n=100) in plain vials with informed written consent. Blood samples were allowed to clot and centrifuged for separation of serum. The separated sera were further processed for determination of glucose (fasting as well as post-prandial) by spectrophotometry and estimation of vitamin D with use of microwell Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) technique. The data was interpreted by using SPSS software version 16. Results: We found that 75 % type-2 diabetics had suffered from “state of vitamin D deficiency”. Among them, females, in contrast, were predominating which was interesting in an analytical point of view. Conclusion: Our study reviews evidence on disorders related to type-2 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D status, especially in older people. The biological processes that lead to synthesis of vitamin D in human body tissues become less efficient when an individual's age advances with in additional occurrences of type-2 diabetes mellitus. We should therefore maintain the repletion of vitamin D in healthy older people via supplementary intakes and sensible sun-exposure.