Introduction: Meningiomas are commonly benign tumors come from the arachnoid cap cells,  and the incidence is account 6 cases per 1000000 of population per year or even much higher in African countries, in  Sudan during the period May 2005-May 2012 a total of 405 patients were operated upon and diagnosed as having cranial meningioma, regarding the etiologies of meningiomas are not yet known; it may be related to radiation exposure, genetic disorders (Neurofibromatosis type2), hormonal imbalance (progesterone) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Aims of the study: This study aimed to amplify MTHFR gene in specific region using PCR, and to detect C677T, rs755829023 and SNV64878785 of MTHFR gene in meningioma among Sudanese patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the National Center for Neurological Sciences between May to August 2022, Khartoum Sudan, all meningioma patients attending the national center of neurological sciences during the period of the study was included. Demographic variables were included (age and gender), and the clinical data included (meningioma histology subtype and WHO grading), tissue and blood samples were collected, DNA extraction from the tissue and blood samples was done, polymerase chain reaction was made to amplify specific region of MTHFR gene. PCR products were sent for Sanger sequencing to Macrogen Europe Laboratory. Data was collected and analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19, and sequencing was analyzed using, BioEdit and Mutation taster. Results: In this study the most affected age group was 41-50 years, female was the most common, WHO grade I meningioma constituted 70% of the cases mostly the fibrous subtype. C>T (g.10369 C>T) was detected in 100% of the cases and deletion C (g.10380-10380delC) was detected only in the cases 16.6%.  Conclusion: In this study, female was the most common 11(55%) with male to female ratio 1:2, the most affected age group was ranging from 41-50 years constituted 35%, WHO grade I meningioma was detected in 70% of the patients. C>T (g.10369 C>T) was detected in 100% of the cases and deletion C (g.10380-10380delC) was detected only in the cases 16.6%. 

Drug-Induced liver injury (DILI) is a common harmful drug reaction of some medication which can cause the damage to liver cells, or might be a chance of death. In the western countries DILI is the main cause for acute liver failure. These reactions are very common because almost all drug regimens can cause injury to liver. Most of DILI cases are harmless and they get better after stopping the offending drug. These reactions are mainly due to some pharmacological remedies, traditional medications, herbal and nutritional supplements. Due to these harmful reactions, elevation is noticed in the liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphate, total bilirubin) 2N from its normal value. Drug-induced liver injury includes 1,000 of pharmacological remedies or more. Here, we review the maximum current literature, so the treatment includes timely diagnosis and removal of the doubtable medication is the key. This paper explains the different causes, pharmacological medications responsible for drug-induced liver injury, effect of covid-19 on liver injury and future perspective. It is important to be aware of and remove the suspected agent as soon as possible. There are no specific risk factors for DILI, but existing liver disease and genetic factors may be a priority for some people. Treatment of liver damage caused by drugs and herbs includes immediate drug withdrawal and supportive care aimed at alleviating unwanted symptoms. Main purpose of this paper is to deliver the info about the DILI, which are dose related, identification and consideration of disease. Keywords: Drug-Induced liver injury (DILI), Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Risk factors and effect of covid-19 on liver injury.

Body organs are very crucial when it comes to homeostatically maintaining them. If any changes occur in their function, it may lead to the development of diseases in the body. The kidney is one of the functionalised organs that is connected with the ureter and urinary bladder, which is basically the lower part of the body. The kidney priorly controls the volume of various body fluids, fluid osmolality, acid-base balance, various electrolyte concentrations, and the removal of toxins. Any dis-balance in the function of the kidney can generate a disease like renal calculi (kidney stone), chronic kidney disease (CKD), polycystic kidney disease (PKD), urinary tract infections (UTI), etc. Kidney stones (KS) are prevalent worldwide, affecting 15% of individuals. A stone arranged into various sizes may be micro, macro, and nano or found as mono or polycrystalline forms. The names of the two most common kidney stones, calcium and non-calcium stones (Uric acid stones, struvite stones, cysteine stones, and drug-induced KS), are determined primarily by their composition. Calcium stones are commonly found in individuals, approximately 80% of KS. This review provided recent details on kidney stone symptoms, etiology, psychophysiology, and management perspective. Keywords: Kidney disease, calcium stone, renal calculi, chronic kidney disease, Polycystic kidney disease.

Herbs and other natural plant products have medical significance because of the phytochemical components in them that have specific physiological or pathological effects on the human body. Lemon grass, also known as citronella grass, is a member of the Poaceae family and is a member of the Cymbopogon genus. The word "Cymbopogon" is derived from the Greek word "Kymbe-Pogon," which means "boat-beard." In tropical nations, particularly in Southeast Asia, the herb Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf (lemon grass), is widely used. Due to the substantial amount of citral in its oil, this grass has a distinct lemon scent, which is one of its distinguishing characteristics. According to studies on its phytoconstituents, the herb contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, anthraquinones, alkaloids, deoxysugars, and a variety of essential oil constituents. The nutritional, therapeutic, and cosmetic properties of C. citratus have made it a widely consumed plant around the world. However, research indicates that other species might be useful pharmaceutically. Cymbopogon citratus is intensively studied for its pharmacological effects. Keywords: Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, phytochemical, physiological, pathological, pharmacological effects.