Background: HIV has the capability to affect every organ system in the body. Ocular manifestations have been reported in up to 70% of individuals infected with HIV and the ocular manifestations reflect systemic disease and may be the first sign of disseminated infection. Aim: To identify different types of ocular involvement in the cases known to be infected with HIV. Methods: A cross sectional, descriptive study was undertaken during the period between January 2005 and July 2006. All the diagnosed cases of HIV infected individuals either coming to the hospital or collected from rehabilitation centres were included in the study. Results: 103 HIV infected cases were examined; of which 45 cases (43.6%) were AIDS cases. The mean age of presentation was 29.6 ± 9.8 years. The commonest systemic disease was pulmonary tuberculosis (65.9%). In the study group, 38.8% of the cases had ocular involvement. In the ocular findings, posterior segment lesions (32%) were most common. Ocular involvement among asymptomatic patient was 22.7% while it was 91.6% among symptomatic patients. HIV retinopathy (23.3%) was the most common HIV-associated ophthalmic lesions. Ocular involvement was the most common in cases that contracted the disease through sexual contact. A negative correlation was observed between CD4 level and ocular involvement. Conclusion: There needs to be awareness of ocular involvement among HIV infected individuals and an increased emphasis on regular ophthalmic examination in all HIV patients. Routine referral system for ocular evaluation from other medical departments seems mandatory for timely diagnosis of the vision threatening conditions

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is common in pregnancy. Epidemiological studies have described the prevalence of GDM in the antenatal period, but do not assess the number of women who require pharmacological therapy at term. This information is important for obstetric care providers and health planners. We reviewed indoor charts of all women admitted for delivery at a maternity center in Karnal, Haryana, India. Of the 569 participants, 0.87% had preexisting diabetes, while 1.93% were being treated with drugs for GDM (0.70% insulin, 1.23% metformin). The overall prevalence of diabetes needing drug therapy at time of delivery in pregnant women was 2.81%.

The current study was carried out to investigate the effect of different irrigation methods with water level based on IW/CPE ratio on growth and seed yield of fenugreek during the rabi season of 2 consecutive years (2016-17) at ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices (NRCSS), Tabiji, Ajmer, Rajasthan. This investigation consisted of four irrigation regimes (IW/CPE ratio viz 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) and three irrigation methods ie. (Micro sprinkler, Drip irrigation and Surface irrigation). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with four replications. Among the irrigation methods tested, drip and micro sprinkler system gave maximum irrigation efficiency and minimum yield loss than surface irrigation. Results showed that irrigation regimes 0.6 IW/CPE ratio with drip irrigation gave superior seed yields (2049.80 kg ha-1) of fenugreek compared to other treatments. Total water applied was 321.96 mm by different irrigation methods. Water productivity and water use efficiency was found highest in 0.4 IW/CPE ratio followed by 0.6 IW/CPE ratio from the finding of the investigation. It was inferred that farmers were over irrigating their farms without equivalent returns. The water saved through use of optimized irrigation method and level can be used more profitably to irrigate supplemental lands, thus achieving a more efficient and rational use of land and water resources.

Background:Hypothyroidism is common in pregnancy. No study has determined the prevalence of hypothyroidism in term pregnancies in India.Aim:This study aims to determine the prevalence and correlates of hypothyroidism in women who delivered at a center in Karnal, Haryana, North India.Results:Indoor records of all women who had delivered at this centre from April 2016 to March 2017 were reviewed. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 12.3%, of which 15.5% were diagnosed during pregnancy. The dose requirement of L-thyroxine ranged from 25 to 200 μg (mean 76.38 +- 43.02). With this, 80% were able to achieve trimester-specific thyroid-stimulating hormone targets. Hypothyroidism did not correlate with any medical or obstetric complications.Conclusion:Hypothyroidism is common in term pregnancies. If treated adequately, healthy fetomaternal outcomes can be achieved.

Aim: To study the frequency of various ocular manifestations in diagnosed cases of active pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis in two different major hospitals in Nepal. Method: A hospital based, cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in the National Tuberculosis Centre, Bhaktapur and BP Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies (BPKLCOS), Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Kathmandu, Nepal during a period of 18 months from February 2010 to August 2011. Diagnosed cases of systemic tuberculosis were evaluated by ophthalmologists for any ophthalmic manifestations. Results: There were 585 cases in the study. 399 (68%) were cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and 186 (32%) were that of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Ocular manifestations were seen in 2.6% (15 patients) of the study population; 1.25% (6 patients) in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and 5.37% (9 patients) in extra pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Uveitis (40%) followed by papilloedema (33%) were the two most common ocular manifestations. Of the 25 affected eyes of 15 patients, 2 eyes of patients with choroiditis involving the macular area were legally blind. Majority of the affected cases (67%) had bilateral involvement. Conclusion: Ocular manifestations in tuberculosis vary greatly ranging from mild episcleritis to potentially blinding posterior uveitis, clinical acumen being of great importance in timely diagnosis and treatment so that vision threatening complications can be prevented. Ocular manifestations are more common in extra pulmonary tuberculosis cases.