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Research indicates that parents and other family members often grieve their child or relative's mental illness. This grief appears resultant from a profound sense of loss, which has been described as complicated and nonfinite (e.g., Atkinson in Am J Psychiatry 151(8):1137-1139, 1994; Davis and Schultz in Soc Sci Med 46(3):369-379, 1998; Jones in Br J Soc Work 34:961-979, 2004; MacGregor in Soc Work 39(2):160-166, 1994; Osborne and Coyle in Couns Psychol Q 15(4):307-323, 2002; Ozgul in Aust N Z J Fam Ther 25(4):183-187, 2004; Tuck et al. in Arch Psychiatric Nurs 11(3):118-125, 1997). This paper reviews existent research in this emerging field, with a focus on parents' grief experience in relation to their adult child's mental disorder. Studies that explore parents' and family members' grief, using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, are considered. Research evidence for the association between parents' and family members' grief and other outcomes are discussed. Findings concerning the prediction of grief in parents and family members who have a child or relative with a mental disorder will be reviewed. Finally, this paper considers methodological and theoretical issues associated with existent research and presents options for further study.

Background Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has shown to be highly effective for treating youth anxiety; yet, there is ongoing debate as to whether involving parents improves outcomes. For example, parents who attend may learn CBT skills to help their child in an ongoing way; yet, they could also distract their child from treatment depending on how they interact. As evidence has accumulated, reviews and meta-analyses have attempted to examine the most effective treatment format. These reviews often have high impact in the field; however, they use varied methodologies and draw on different primary studies. Different formats of CBT for youth anxiety have been developed in relation to parental involvement, including youth-only CBT (Y-CBT; where the youth alone attends treatment), youth and parent or family CBT (F-CBT; where youths and their parents attend together), and, most recently, parent-only CBT (P-CBT; where the parent alone attends). Objective This protocol describes an overview of systematic reviews comparing the relative efficacy of different formats of CBT for youth anxiety (Y-CBT, F-CBT, and P-CBT) over the study period. The protocol will also examine the moderating effects of variables on the efficacy of different formats; for example, youths’ age and long-term outcomes. Methods We will analyze the results of systematic reviews that compare different levels and types of parental involvement in CBT for youth anxiety over the study period. A systematic review of medical and psychological databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase) will identify reviews comparing the efficacy of different formats of parent involvement in CBT for youth anxiety. Data extraction will include (1) author names (and year of publication), (2) review design, (3) age range, (4) analysis type, (5) conclusions, and (6) moderators. This overview will present the relative efficacy of formats chronologically in a table and then describe the main results longitudinally in a narrative summary. A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews, 2nd Edition (AMSTAR 2), quality rating will be given to each review, and the amount of primary study overlap across reviews will be quantified. Results The last search was conducted on July 1, 2022. The reviews were published between 2005 and 2022. We found a total of 3529 articles, of which we identified 25 for the final analysis. Conclusions This overview will compare and report the relative efficacy of Y-CBT, P-CBT, and F-CBT for youth anxiety over the study period, describe the heterogeneity across reviews and primary studies, and consider the moderating effect of relevant variables. It will describe the limitations of an overview, including the potential for nuance in the data to be lost, and provide conclusions and recommendations for conducting systematic reviews regarding parental involvement for CBT for youth anxiety. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/48077

Objectives: Regular home practice is considered a core component of mindfulness groups and may be associated with better treatment outcomes. This study aimed to 1) review the existing evidence on how much home practice people do in Mindfulness for Psychosis groups, and 2) explore participants’ experiences of the barriers and facilitators to completing home practice in a Mindfulness for Psychosis group using a qualitative study.Methods: In study 1, we conducted a systematic review of Mindfulness for Psychosis studies and extracted data on home practice rates. In study 2, we conducted semi-structured interviews with people who had completed a Mindfulness for Psychosis group (N=5) as part of their routine community care, specifically focusing on experiences of home practice.Results: Out of twenty-two studies included in the systematic review, only 4 reported any data on amount of home practice, and none examined the relationship between completion of home practice and treatment outcomes. In the qualitative study, participants described home practice as being difficult but important. Arising themes were similar to findings from previous (non-psychosis) studies suggesting that generic challenges are common, rather than being specific to psychosis.Conclusions: We recommend that future Mindfulness for Psychosis studies record data on home practice rates, in order to investigate any association between home practice and treatment outcome. Our qualitative findings suggest home practice can be a valued part of a Mindfulness for Psychosis group, and a normalising approach could be taken when and if participants encounter common challenges.

BACKGROUND Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has shown to be highly effective for treating youth anxiety, yet there is ongoing debate as to whether involving parents improves outcomes. As evidence has accumulated, reviews and meta-analyses have attempted to answer this question. These reviews often have high impact in the field, however, they use varied methodologies and draw on different primary studies. Different formats of CBT for youth anxiety have also developed in relation to parent involvement, including youth only CBT (Y-CBT; youth alone attends treatment), youth and parent/family CBT (F-CBT; youth and parent attends) and most recently, parent only CBT (P-CBT; parent alone attends). OBJECTIVE This protocol describes an overview of systematic reviews comparing the relative efficacy of different formats of CBT for youth anxiety over the period this was studied. It will also examine the moderating effects of variables on the efficacy of different formats e.g., youth age and long-term effects. METHODS We will analyze the results of systematic reviews which compare different levels and types of parent involvement in CBT for anxiety over the period this was studied. A systematic review of medical and psychological databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EMBASE) will identify systematic reviews comparing the efficacy of different formats of parent involvement in CBT for youth anxiety (Y-CBT, P-CBT and F-CBT). It will also describe the different types of analyses conducted in each review. This overview will present the relative efficacy of formats chronologically in a table and then describe the main results longitudinally in a narrative summary. An AMSTAR 2 quality rating will be given to each included review. RESULTS The last search was conducted on 1st of July 2022. Analysis and synthesis are ongoing. CONCLUSIONS This overview will compare and report the relative efficacy of Y-CBT, P-CBT and F-CBT for youth anxiety over the period this was studied. It will provide recommendations for conducting systematic reviews regarding parental involvement for youth anxiety CBT. CLINICALTRIAL This study protocol is registered with the Open Science Framework: osf.io/2u58t