The article studies the causes and consequences of manipulating the financial statements of companies, identifies the most influential drivers of fraudulent reporting actions by employees and business owners. This research aimed to examine the effect of fraud indicators in fraud pentagon theory against the detection of fraudulent financial reporting on manufacturing companies. Independent variables in this research were variable pressure proxy by financial stability, external pressure, and financial target, opportunity proxy by nature of the industry, rationalization proxy by total accrual, capability proxy by the change of directors, and arrogance proxy by ownership by management. The dependent variable was the fraudulent financial reporting proxy by fraud score. The sample of this research used 57 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange Effect in 2013-2015. It is found that the result of the determination coefficient test shows an adjusted R2 value of 0.068, it means that the ability of the independent variable in explaining the variants of the dependent variable is still limited, which is 6.8%. The ANOVA test, which shows the possibility of using the regression model to predict the Fraudulent Financial Report, serves as the methodological tool of the study. It is determined that pressure with proxies of financial stability (current), external pressure (Lev), and financial target (ROA), opportunity with the nature of industry (receivable) proxy, and arrogance with managerial ownership (OM) proxy do not affect fraudulent financial reporting. The result of this research showed that rationalization variables proxy by the total accrual ratio and capability proxy by the change of directors had an influence on the fraudulent financial reporting. While the pressure variable proxy by financial stability measured with the current ratio, external pressure measured with leverage ratio, financial target measured with ROA, opportunity variable proxy by nature of industry variable measured with the change in inventory ratio, and arrogance proxy by ownership by management had no influence on financial statement fraud. The results obtained can be useful both for the management of the company and for regulatory authorities in terms of understanding the growth indicators of the financial statement fraud frequency and tools to minimize their impact. Keywords: fraud, fraud pentagon, fraudulent financial reporting, financial statement fraud, leverage ratio, managerial ownership and manufacturing sector.

Currently, the world suffers from the COVID-19 pandemic, which affects almost every aspect of daily life, giving rise to recession and affecting the world prices of crude oil. The study aims to model the high uncertainty of volatility as well as to forecast the daily prices of crude oil during the pandemic. One econometric model applied in this study is the Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) that allows more accurate and appropriate statistical analyses. Particularly, this study also discusses solving economic issues on the condition of any disturbances in the stability of daily crude oil prices. The findings suggest that the AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) model is a well-fitted model to predict relatively small errors. This model can act as a foundation for determining strategies in the future while facing such uncertain circumstances.

Using independent variable institutional ownership, managerial ownership, independent commissioner, audit committee, and BIG4, this research wanted to see the influence of corporate governance to financial restatement. By using sample of financial report from 2015 until 2017, this research found that institutional ownership is significant but unaccordance with the analyzed hypothesis. And the other independent variable is not significant with financial restatement. This founding may happened because the sample used in this research was not separated between the restated company because of error correction and because of the changes in accounting method that happened because the changes in accounting standard.

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<p><em>This paper </em><em>empirically </em><em>examines whether </em><em>type of </em><em>intellectual capital (IC) information affect market value of the firm. This paper </em><em>also </em><em>examines whether </em><em>voluntary disclosure of </em><em>intellectual capital information </em><em>will strengthen the </em><em>affect </em><em>of </em><em>intellectual capital information</em><em> to </em><em>market value of the firm.</em><em> </em><em>The samples were the banking industry firm listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange</em><em> from 2017-2019</em><em>. The variable of </em><em>type of </em><em>IC information measured by Intellectual Capital Disclosure Index (ICDI) by modifying the approach of García-Meca and Martínez (2007). The study finds that IC positively effect on market value of the firms. Moreover, this study finds that IC information</em><em>-especially voluntary disclosure</em><em> also strengthen (as moderating variable) the IC effect on firm value. </em></p>