Background: Intramedullary (IM) nailing is the treatment of choice for most tibial shaft fractures. However, an iatrogenic pitfall may be rotational malalignment. The aims of this retrospective analysis were to determine (1) the prevalence of rotational malalignment using postoperative computed tomography (CT) as the reference standard; (2) the average baseline tibial torsion of uninjured limbs; and (3) based on that normal torsion, whether the contralateral, uninjured limb can be reliably used as the reference standard. Methods: The study included 154 patients (71% male and 29% female) with a median age of 37 years. All patients were treated for a unilateral tibial shaft fracture with an IM nail and underwent low-dose bilateral postoperative CT to assess rotational malalignment. Results: More than one-third of the patients (n = 55; 36%) had postoperative rotational malalignment of ≥10°. Right-sided tibial shaft fractures were significantly more likely to display external rotational malalignment whereas left-sided fractures were predisposed to internal rotational malalignment. The uninjured right tibiae were an average of 4° more externally rotated than the left (mean rotation and standard deviation, 41.1° ± 8.0° [right] versus 37.0° ± 8.2° [left]; p < 0.01). Applying this 4° correction to our cohort not only reduced the prevalence of rotational malalignment (n = 45; 29%), it also equalized the distribution of internal and external rotational malalignment between the left and right tibiae. Conclusions: This study confirms a high prevalence of rotational malalignment following IM nailing of tibial shaft fractures (36%). There was a preexisting 4° left-right difference in tibial torsion, which sheds a different light on previous studies and current clinical practice and could have important implications for the diagnosis and management of tibial rotational malalignment. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Firstly, bilateral post-operative low-dose -similar radiation exposure as plain chest radiographs- CT assessment of tibial rotational alignment is a reliable diagnostic imaging modality to assess rotational malalignment in patients following IMN of tibial shaft fractures and it allows for early revision surgery. Secondly, it may contribute to our understanding of the incidence-, predictors- and clinical relevance of post-operative tibial rotational malalignment in patients treated with IMN for a tibial shaft fracture, and facilitates future studies on this topic.

Objectives: To (1) evaluate the incidence of posterior malleolar fractures (PMFs) in patients with tibial shaft fractures (TSFs) using advanced imaging; (2) identify predictors for patients at risk of an (occult) PMF; and (3) describe PMF characteristics to guide “malleolus-first” fixation. Design: Retrospective diagnostic imaging study. Setting: Level-I trauma center. Patients: One hundred sixty-four patients treated with intramedullary nailing for TSFs who underwent low-dose postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans to assess (mal)rotational alignment. Intervention: Analysis of advanced imaging for the presence of PMFs. Univariate and multivariate analyses to identify predictors. Qualitative analysis of PMFs by fracture mapping. Main Outcome Measures: (1) Incidence of PMFs in patients with TSFs as diagnosed on post-op CT scans; (2) independent predictors for the presence of PMFs; and (3) PMF patterns. Results: One in five patients with a TSF has an associated PMF (22%), increasing to one-in-two in patients with simple spiral fractures (56%). In 25% of patients, these fractures were occult. Univariate analysis identified simple spiral and distal third TSFs, proximal third and spiral fibula fractures, and low-energy trauma as predictors for PMFs. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that distal third and simple spiral TSFs were the only independent predictors. Haraguchi type I is the pattern specific to PMFs associated with TSF. Conclusions: Half of patients presenting with a simple spiral TSF have an associated PMF. In one in four patients, these are occult. Additional preoperative CT scan imaging may be considered in patients presenting with simple spiral distal third TSFs, despite negative lateral radiographs, so that PMFs can be identified and managed with “malleolus-first” fixation. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.