In Alzheimer's disease, accumulation of soluble oligomers of ␤-amyloid peptide is known to be highly toxic, causing disturbances in synaptic activity and neuronal death. Multiple studies relate these effects to increased oxidative stress and aberrant activity of calciumpermeable cation channels leading to calcium imbalance. The transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel, a Ca 2ϩ -permeable nonselective cation channel activated by oxidative stress, has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, and more recently in amyloid-induced toxicity. Here we show that the function of TRPM2 is augmented by treatment of cultured neurons with ␤-amyloid oligomers. Aged APP/PS1 Alzheimer's mouse model showed increased levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, protein disulfide isomerase and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2␣, as well as decreased levels of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin. Elimination of TRPM2 in APP/PS1 mice corrected these abnormal responses without affecting plaque burden. These effects of TRPM2 seem to be selective for ␤-amyloid toxicity, as ER stress responses to thapsigargin or tunicamycin in TRPM2 ؊/؊ neurons was identical to that of wild-type neurons. Moreover, reduced microglial activation was observed in TRPM2 ؊/؊ /APP/PS1 hippocampus compared with APP/PS1 mice. In addition, age-dependent spatial memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice were reversed in TRPM2 ؊/؊ /APP/PS1 mice. These results reveal the importance of TRPM2 for ␤-amyloid neuronal toxicity, suggesting that TRPM2 activity could be potentially targeted to improve outcomes in Alzheimer's disease.

Intraoperative liposome-mediated gene delivery of eNOS to donor hearts can result in early gene expression sufficient to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation, adhesion molecule expression, and the early infiltration of leukocytes, all of which may improve graft survival.