In a reaction time (RT) task requiring fast responses to two stimuli presented close in time, human observers show a delayed RT to the second stimulus. This phenomenon has been attributed to a psychological refractory period (PRP). A similar asymmetric interference is found when performing multiple concurrent visual time-to-contact (TTC) estimations for moving objects, despite important differences between the tasks. In the present study, we studied the properties of the asymmetric interference found in the TTC task and compared them to the classical PRP effect. In Experiment 1, we varied the time interval between the two objects' arrival times to determine the dependence of the PRP-like effect on the asynchrony between the two TTCs. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether the physical or the perceived arrival order determined the asymmetric interference. Our results confirmed the existence of asymmetric interference in the multiple TTC estimation task, but also indicated important differences from the traditional PRP effect observed in the RT paradigm. The origins of these differences are discussed, as well as the practical implications.

This paper presents a knowledge synthesis of ethical questions for the application of rational ethics theories to human factors in vehicle automation. First, a brief summary of ethical concerns related to transportation automation and human factors is presented. A series of theoretical questions are then posed for different levels of vehicle automation. Particular concerns relating to the Principle of Utility and the Principle of Respect for Persons are highlighted for low levels of automation, high levels of automation, and full automation through the use of theoretical scenarios. Although some recommendations are drawn from these scenarios, the primary purpose of this paper is to serve as a starting point to encourage discussion and collaboration between human factors professionals, engineers, policymakers, transportation officials, software programmers, manufacturers, and the driving public regarding realistic goals for automated vehicle implementation.

The recent challenge issued by the HFES President emphasizes the need for members and professionals of the Human Factors and Ergonomics community to remain relevant to society at large in spite of the challenges we face as a professional society (Marras, 2015). One characteristic of our present and future as a society is our existence in a world of increasing globalization. Consequently, it is appropriate that we grow our awareness of the culture of HF/E around the world in order to facilitate increased reception of the services we are able to offer and promote intercultural collaboration. This panel brings professionals from academia and industry around the world to bring their perspectives on unique challenges and approaches to HF/E in an international setting. These global perspectives span industries, countries, and attitudes and behaviors from around the world. The panel will first present their observations on the unique aspects of their cultural experiences and then engage attendees in a discussion with the aim of equipping them to adopt a more effective global mindset towards their HF/E endeavors.