No abstract

<p>The present study used a Signal Detection approach to the study of prosody perception in children and adults who self-reported high levels of anxiety. Seventy-one children aged eight and nine years, and 85 adults listened to filtered speech and were required to discriminate angry, fearful and happy tones of voice. Anxiety levels were not associated with perception of affective prosody in adults. Levels of anxiety were related to children's criterion but not sensitivity to prosody. Highly anxious children were significantly more liberal in reporting fearful prosody compared to low anxious children. Analyses of total responses suggest that this criterion is reflective of an interpretation bias as opposed to a response bias. Given that the interpretation bias was observed in children and not adults, it is possible that the bias may mark a vulnerability to develop further anxiety. This is consistent with previous experimental findings in other modalities as well as integrative models of anxiety development that identify such cognitive biases as predisposing factors. Furthermore, regardless of anxiety level, children were comparable to adults in their accuracy for fearful prosody, yet were significantly poorer than adults in their accuracy for angry and happy prosody. This suggests that fear may be one of the first emotions children learn to identify.</p>

Background We provide detailed analysis and outcomes in patients post‐kidney transplant (KT) developing ascites, which has never been categorically reported. Methods Ascites was identified by ICD9/10 codes and detailed chart review in patients post‐KT from 01/2004‐06/2019. The incidence of patient death and graft loss were determined per 100‐person‐years, and the incidence rate ratio was obtained. Results Of 3329 patients receiving KT, 83 (2.5%) patients had new‐onset ascites, of whom 58% were male, 21% blacks, and 29% whites. Seventy‐five percentage were on hemodialysis. Patients were maintained primarily on tacrolimus and mycophenolate for immunosuppression. Only 14% of patients with ascites had the appropriate diagnostic workup. There was a trend toward an increased mortality in patients with ascites (incidence rate ratio, IRR [95% CI]: 1.8 [0.92, 3.19], p = .06), and a significantly higher incidence of graft loss (IRR: 5.62 [3.97, 7.76], p < .001), compared with non‐ascites patients. When classified by ascites severity, determined by imaging, moderate/severe ascites patients had the worst clinical outcomes, with a mortality of 32% and graft failure in 57%, compared with 9% and 10%, respectively, in those without ascites. Conclusion In this large cohort employing stepwise analysis of ascites post‐KT, worse outcomes were noted, dictating the need for optimized management to improve clinical outcomes.

No abstract

<p>The present study used a Signal Detection approach to the study of prosody perception in children and adults who self-reported high levels of anxiety. Seventy-one children aged eight and nine years, and 85 adults listened to filtered speech and were required to discriminate angry, fearful and happy tones of voice. Anxiety levels were not associated with perception of affective prosody in adults. Levels of anxiety were related to children's criterion but not sensitivity to prosody. Highly anxious children were significantly more liberal in reporting fearful prosody compared to low anxious children. Analyses of total responses suggest that this criterion is reflective of an interpretation bias as opposed to a response bias. Given that the interpretation bias was observed in children and not adults, it is possible that the bias may mark a vulnerability to develop further anxiety. This is consistent with previous experimental findings in other modalities as well as integrative models of anxiety development that identify such cognitive biases as predisposing factors. Furthermore, regardless of anxiety level, children were comparable to adults in their accuracy for fearful prosody, yet were significantly poorer than adults in their accuracy for angry and happy prosody. This suggests that fear may be one of the first emotions children learn to identify.</p>